High value crop producers in California rely heavily on soil fumigation to control a wide array of soil borne pests including nematodes, pathogens and weeds. Fumigants with broad biocidal activity can affect soil microbial communities that contribute to nutrient cycling and plant nutrient uptake which can impact soil health. It is often thought that soil microbial communities make a relatively rapid recovery following fumigation. However, recently it has been found that repeated application of fumigants over time can have greater and longer lasting impacts on soil microorganisms than single fumigation events. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the effect of long-term repeated application of fumigants on soil microbial communities and compare them with non-fumigated and organic sites. Soil samples were collected from fields in Watsonville, CA. Chronosequence sites were defined by number of years of annual fumigation (yaf) with methyl bromide (15, 26, 33, 39 yaf) at the time of sampling, and representative non-fumigated sites were also included for comparison. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was used to analyze the samples. The canonical variate analysis showed that microbial communities in sites with a longer history of fumigation (33 and 39 yaf) were similar to one another; however, they differed significantly from 15 yaf site and further analysis concluded that non-fumigated sites were significantly different than fumigated sites. This study showed that the proportion of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was lower in all fumigated (15, 33 and 39 yaf) sites as compared to their non-fumigated counterparts, which could be a threat to sustainability since AMF plays a major role in soil health and quality.

Th e renewed interest in the use of sugarcane (Saccharin offi cinarum L.) for biofuel could provide a viable market for potential Hawaiian sugarcane feedstock producers. In Hawaii, sugarcane is grown as an irrigated 2-yr cycle crop. Th ere is however little information on crop parameter attributes of 2-yr cycle sugarcane. Th is fi eld study on Maui, Hawaii, analyzed the relationship between sugarcane biomass accumulation and specifi c crop parameters. Overall, the high dry biomass yield (80.20 Mg ha -1 ) was the result of a high leaf area index (LAI, 7.50) and radiation use effi ciency (RUE, 2.06 g MJ -1 . Th e crop growth rate was highly correlated to LAI (R 2 , 0.86), and a light extinction coeffi cient (k) of 0.53 was estimated. Stalk density was estimated at 18 stalks m -2 , with a maximum plant height of 3.6 m, and a rooting depth exceeding 2.0 m. When the crop parameters were incorporated into a biological model of Agricultural Land Management Alternatives with Numerical Assessment Criteria (ALMANAC) the model accurately simulated sugarcane yields across seven diff erent soil types and multiple management scenarios of applied irrigation water, N and P fertilizer inputs and various planting and harvest dates. Th e mean simulation percent (%) errors ranged from -6.4% to 1.8%, while the calculated Fisher's paired t test of 1.41 with 39 degrees of freedom, showed no signifi cant diff erences (P ≥ 0.05) between measured and simulated yields. Th e ALMANAC model should be useful as a decision support tool for evaluating sugarcane management alternatives that maximize yields while optimizing water, N and P inputs.