Chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) as a biodegradable and biocompatible substance were employed as a bio-elicitor to stimulate the biosynthesis of bioactive metabolites in avocado callus. Effect of in-situ encapsulation of different active compounds (Salicylic acid, Phenylalanine, Methionine and Ca-Pyruvate) onto ChNPs during preparation was performed using ionic gelation method. The prepared encapsulated nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. The formulated ChNPs had a beneficial effect on the majority of the indicators tested on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The results indicated that maximum mean value of callus fresh weight before the addition of nano-Chitosan was 215 mg/jar, and ChNPs encapsulated methionine 40 mg/L had the greatest mean record of callus fresh weight and glutathione content with low malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration of 0.993 nmol/g. However, ChNPs encapsulated salicylic acid at 100mg/L has the best antioxidant capacity due to a 40.88% rise in the content of the essential oil 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,5-(3"-T-butyl) benzodioxepine and the largest accumulation of polyphenolic components. The current approach involved analysing molecular amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) using genomic DNA with two restriction enzymes (EcoRI and MseI) EcoR I-ACA and MseI-CTC primer pairs. The present work provides an efficient method for enhancing the bio-active compounds bioaccumulation in avocado callus using encapsulated ChNPs.

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dvances in micropropagation technique have helped to produce true-to-type clones of many important horticulture plants. A procedure for micropropagation of Avocado was developed using stem segments as explant for the in vitro establishment and 60 to 100% of explants survived. The highest average shoot length was obtained on Murashing and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 1 mg/l 6-benzyl adenine (BA) and 0.5 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The maximum number of proliferated shoots (6.2 shoots/ explant) was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l BA, 0.5 mg/l NAA and 10 mg/l arginine. Meanwhile, the highest shoot length (3.7 cm) was obtained on MS medium free from growth regulators (control). Eighty percent of the shoots rooted on half strength MS medium supplemented with 4 mg/l indole butyric acid (IBA), 0.5 mg/l NAA and 160 mg/l phloroglucinol (PG). The complete plants with the maximum average root number / shoot (5) and length (9.3 cm) was obtained on medium containing 4 mg/l IBA, 0.5 mg/l NAA and 160 mg/l PG. The highest survival percentage of 70% was obtained from the plantlets when they were transferred to greenhouse conditions. Avocado can successfully micropropagated beginning with stem segments without significant damage to mother plant.

spinosa can be enhanced to a significant extent by SA, MeJA, and Phe treatments and the gene expression patterns of qurecetin and rutin biosynthesis-related genes are regulated by these elicitors.

mooth cayenne pineapple cultivar is considered the most suitable variety for the climatic conditions in Egypt, in addition to its distinctive flavor and ability for canning. To meet market demand, large quantities of plant materials are required, which cannot be obtained via traditional breeding methods. As a result, an in vitro technique was designed to increase the multiplication rate, rooting, and acclimatization of this unique pineapple variety. Thidiazuron (TDZ) at 2.0 mg/l proved to be superior for direct organogenesis rate. Half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in combination with 0.5 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) improved the number and length of roots. Organogenesis has been accelerated from in vitro derived leaves and developed to healthy plantlets, which were acclimatized in the greenhouse. In order to investigate the effect of micropropagation on circadian rhythm, the circadian expression of Aco013229.1 was compared, which belongs to the MADS-box gene family, between the in vitro propagated plantlets and the in vivo-grown plants. The unaffected expression pattern of Aco013229.1 proposed that in vitro micropropagation did not affect the circadian cycling; hence, the CAM photosynthesis process was not interrupted. Moreover, the circadian expression of Aco013229.1 of the in vitro and in vivo-grown plants showed a similar pattern, strongly pointing at a stable circadian rhythm of the micropropagated plants and thus a well-maintained CAM photosynthesis. This gene family plays a significant role in a number of biological processes especially flowering.