Background: Over diagnosis of isolated oligohydramnios is associated with increased obstetrical intervention without improving maternal and perinatal outcome. Objective of this study is to evaluate two methods of amniotic fluid volume assessment regarding obstetrical intervention frequency and its effect on maternal and perinatal outcome. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted at a Private Hospital of Dera Ismail Khan and Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from 1st January 2017 till 31st December 2019. All pregnant patients with singleton, un-complicated pregnancy with period of gestation from 41 weeks to 41 weeks 6 days, live fetus were included in the study. Women who met the eligibility criteria were assigned to two different techniques of amniotic fluid assessment, first amniotic fluid index( AFI) method and second single deepest vertical pocket(SDVP) method. Data was recorded on a specially designed proforma. The socio-demographic variables were age in years, parity. Continuous variable was measured on numerical scale and expressed as mean and SD. Research variables were maternal outcome and perinatal outcome in terms of oligohydramnios frequency, induction of labour, caeserean section, fetal distress, NICU admission, A/S < than 7 at 5 minutes. Chi-sq test of significance was applied. Results: A total of 160 patients met the inclusion criteria. In first group 30 (37.5%) and in second group18 (22.5%) had oligohydramnios. In AFI group 10 (33.3%) and in SDVP group 3(16.66%) had caesereans section. Induction of labour was 30(37.5%) in AFI group and 18(22.5%) in SDVP group. These results were statistically significant with a p value less than .05 at 5% significance level. Fetal distress, A/S < than 7 at 5 minutes, NICU admission results were not statistically significant for two groups. Conclusion: SDVP technique gave less abnormal results, less intervention with no significant difference in maternal and perinatal outcome. Keywords: Amniotic fluid, Oligohydramnios, Caesarean section.

Background and Aim: The coronavirus illness (COVID-19) is a public health disaster on a worldwide scale. The present COVID 19 epidemic will cause significant interruption to healthcare systems long after it has passed its peak. Sexual and reproductive health (SRH), including contraception, must be viewed as a critical service. The aim of the present study was to assess the COVID pandemic effect upon utilization of contraceptive services. Methods: This epidemiological study was carried out on 1284 women at risk of unplanned pregnancy whose longitudinal data was collected from June 2021 to 31 November 2021 in Gynae & Obs department of Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar and KMU Institute of Medical Sciences, Kohat. Baseline details, association of contraceptive dynamics with COVID-19 experiences, and causes for contraceptive non-use were measured outcomes during COVID pandemic. Our key outcome was the dynamics of contraceptive usage classified into four groups: a) persistent non-use, b) persistent use, c) adoption, and d) cessation. Secondary outcomes were contraceptive uptake, cessation, and switching. Factors such as socioeconomic status, reproductive health, and COVID-19 status have been associated with contraceptive behavior. Sociodemographic details consist of age, education, residency, and parity. Results: Of the total 1284 unplanned pregnancy women, during COVID-19, no changes in contraceptive status was seen in 64.8% women, whereas those who responded were much more inclined to adopt a device 26.2% than to discontinue 9.0%. The majority of women who shifted contraceptives were using more efficient techniques than the one they used before the pandemic. In Pakistan, higher contraceptive protection was connected with economic insecurity due to COVID-19. Among all the cases, non-contraceptive users 9.1% (n=117) had cited COVID-19-related causes for not utilizing contraception. Conclusion: The present study concluded that contraceptive status among the majority of women with unexpected pregnancy during COVID pandemic unaltered their contraception status, and adoption was more acceptable to women than discontinued techniques. COVID-19 was mentioned by a minority of women for not using the vaccine, highlighting the significance of extending safe forms of service delivery amid health crises. Keywords: COVID-19, Pandemic, Contraception services

Background: In Gynecology, most of the knowledge circles around the female reproductive tract and uterus has been a vital organ playing central role in female reproductive life cycle both in terms of menstrual and ostereous cycles. Uterus is subjected to both mechanical and hormonal stresses so uterine pathologies and diseases are the most common pathologies marked in female reproductive systems. These pathologies range from benign uterine pathology to malignancy in many cases. Most of the uterine and cervical pathologies are diagnosed after hysterectomy on histopathological examination only. Objective: The study was carried out to see histopathological patterns of uterine and cervical lesions in hysterectomy specimens. Study Design: Histopathology department of Women Medical and Dental College, Abbottabad from August 2021 to August 2022. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective study done on hysterectomy samples findings in histopathological examination of uterine and cervical area on 80 specimens over a 1 year period. SPSS latest version was used for DATA. Results: 80 patients were included based on histopathological reports of the post hysterectomy specimens. Age of patients lies < 30 years to > 60 years. Majority of the cases were between 41-50 years and 51-60 years of the age while patients between 41-50 years age group were 50 %,adenomyosis (09%), atrophied uterus (5%), Hyperplasia (10%), leiomyoma with adenomyosis (18.5%), Leiomyoma (55%) and leimyosarcoma (2.5%),while cervical pathologies show cervicitis, (62%), cervical dysplasia (21%), cervicitis (papillary) in 07 %, and 10% cases were normal. Different uterine lesions based on the age of the patients show that Leiomyoma is maximally found in patients between 46-60 years and above 60 years of patients and only two cases were marked below 30 Years. Conclusion: The commonest benign lesion was leiomyoma in uterus followed by adenomyosis combined with leiomyoma, while in cervical canal commonest finding was cervicitis in Hysterectomy specimen. Keywords: Adenomyosis, Histopathology, Hysterectomy, Leiomyoma, Cervicitis.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of retinal changes in pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders and their association with maternal and fetal outcomes. Introduction: There is a grave risk to both mother and child when hypertensive problems complicate pregnancy. However, hypertensive sort of disorders during pregnancy have been allied to poor maternal and also neonatal outcomes. This research aimed to evaluate effects of hypertensive sort of disorders of pregnancy on both mothers and their unborn children by analyzing the prevalence, causes, and treatment of these conditions. Subjects and methods: BBH Rawalpindi, Inpatient Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics conducted the case-control research during the period from January 2021 to June 2021. In all, 149 patients participated in the research. Because seven patients could not be located, 142 cases were analyzed. Mild class preeclampsia (65.0 instances), severe class preeclampsia (32.0 hot cases), and also eclampsia (one case) were the subcategories used to categorize patients further, according to research. Thirty-one women who were not hypertensive throughout pregnancy were enlisted as controls. Results: Ninety percent of cases manifested with some edema. About a quarter basically patients had proteinuria above 300.0 mg/24 hours (26.76%), nearly half had proteinuria over two g/24 hours (47.18%), and about a quarter had urine protein based excretion of 3.0-5.0 g/24 hours (25.35%). Usually, incidence of specially HELLP (normally hemolysis, increased liver based special enzymes, and also squat platelet tot up) set of symptoms was 2.80%, raised bilirubin levels were seen in 47%, illustration symptoms occurred in 6.4%, vaginal based hemorrhage occurred in 11.30%, in addition to 42.2% of cases involved the central nervous system. It was shown that eclampsia was the cause of mortality in 2.8% of all maternal deaths. 16.9 percent of births were stillbirths, while 4.23 percent of newborns died. Conclusion: Compared to pregnant women with normal blood pressure, those who suffer from hypertensive disorders of pregnancy have a higher risk of having a baby born with complications. Our research did find a declining trend, although it was less than those seen in other studies; this may be because more of our study's births occurred in hospitals. Keywords: Neonatal outcome, maternal outcome, acute renal failure, and the HELLP syndrome

Background and Aim: Medically induced weight loss often restores ovulation among polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) women with obesity. Women with PCOS are more likely to be obese and have abdominal fat than women without PCOS, which is the most prevalent metabolic condition in premenopausal women. The present study aimed to determine the fertility outcome in polycystic obese women after bariatric surgery. Patients and Methods: This cohort study was conducted on 56 polycystic women with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery in the bariatric surgery department of Luqman International Hospital, Saidu Sharif Swat for the duration from 2017 to 2022. Polycystic patients were investigated for main outcome such as liver birth rates and pregnancy. SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis. Results: The live birth rates and pregnancy rates in PCOS women seeking fertility were 83% and 94.8% whereas in control cases were 77.6% and 68.4% respectively. PCOS women took 34 ± 26 months to get pregnant for the first time following surgery, and controls took 31 ± 24 months. There was no significant difference between PCOS neonates and controls in terms of their birth weight means (2856 + 624 g vs. 3246 + 592 g), but the number of newborns with low birth weights was similar between the two groups. Maternal problems (18.4% in PCOS and 23.6% in controls) and newborn complications (24.6% in PCOS and 15.4% in controls) were uncommon, with no differences between groups. Conclusion: Women with PCOS were more likely to have high fertility rates after bariatric surgery, especially in those seeking fertility, with no difference between those with hyper androgenic PCOS and those without. There were few maternal or neonatal complications such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes associated with these pregnancies. Keywords: Bariatric surgery, Polycystic patients, Obesity, Fertility outcome