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Carrageenan is a general name for polysacharides, it is made up of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium sulphat esters of galactose and 3.6-anhydrogalactose units. Research about parameters influencing extraction process of carrageenan from red algae (Eucheuma cottonii) has been studied. The parameters were particle size of red algae, pH of NaOH solution, heating time and heating temperature. About 64.30% of carrageenan was extracted from red algae (Eucheuma cottonii) under optimum condition, 425 µm particle size of red algae, solution pH 8.5, heating time 18 h, and heating temperature 95°C. The FTIR spectra of extracted carrageenan showed the same spectra as the pure carrageenan.

The technology that is commonly used to control postharvest pathogen attacks is coating with synthetic chemicals, but this has an unfriendly impact on the environment and consumers. Coating with A. vera L gel and plant extracts is a natural way to extend shelf life and maintain postharvest quality. The research was focused on finding the composition of guava fruit coating with A. vera. L gel and A. indica. L leaf extract that provided physicochemical properties with optimal quality during storage. Parameters tested were weight loss, percent decay, moisture content, total dissolved solids and total titrated acid from guava fruit. The coating composition that gives the best guava fruit quality with a storage time of 15 days were 85% A. vera gel, 10% A. indica. L leaf extract, 0.025% Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) and 0.5% glycerol. The guava fruit coated with this composition had a weight loss of 11.19%, moisture content of 57.15%, a spoilage of 3.33%, a total dissolved solids of 7.67 oBrix and a total titrated acid of 1.90%. This value was better than uncoated fruit with weight loss of 30.48%, moisture content 28.42%, spoilage 14.44%, total dissolved solids 12.33 oBrix and total titrated acid 0.40%.

Acalypha indica L. is one of herbal plants found in wet, moderate, tropical areas which grows as a weed. This herb has been used traditionally to treat dysentery, diarrhea, malnutrition, and malaria. But chemical compounds in Acalypha indica L. hasn’t been completely reported yet. This study aims to evaluate chemical compounds and total antioxidant of Acalypha indica L. extract. The extraction of Acalypha indica L. was carried out by maceration method using methanol and ethanol as solvent. The rendemen, water and ash content of Acalypha indica L. extract determined by gravimetric methods. The DPPH method was used to determine total antioxidant and the X-Ray Fluorescence method was used to analyze of the elements contained in the extract. The yield of methanol extract was 14.83%, this was greater than the ethanol extract of Acalypha indica L. which was 5.94%. The water and ash content of the methanol extract were obtained 10.57% and 17.44% respectively, while the ethanol extract was 35.66% and 17.93%. Phytochemical screening of Acalypha indica L. in methanol and ethanol extracts showed that the extracts contained phenolic, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and alkaloids compounds. The total antioxidant was obtained 1.59 mg/gDW and 3.11 mg/gDW in methanol and ethanol extract. XRF analysis results showed that methanol and ethanol extract contained elements Mg, Si, Cl, K, Mn and Fe. Based on the result, it can be concluded that Acalypha indica L. extract contained some compounds and elements which is beneficial for health.

Determination of essential metals (Fe, Zn and Cu) in red betel leaf has been carried out by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Fresh and dry red betel leaf extracted in 75 mL by boiled and brewed distilled water for 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes. In the fresh red betel leaf metal content (Fe, Zn and Cu) were 0,3257 %, 0,173 % and 0,0278 % and the highest metal content (Fe, Zn and Cu) found in dry red betel leaf which were boiled for 20 minutes with the concentration 0,0539 %, 0,0305 % and 0,0128 %. Red betel leaf is a source of essential metals needed by the body.