Several researchers have begun this effort already. The post-survey adjustment methods applied to non-probability sampling have largely mirrored efforts in probability samples. Although this may be appropriate and effective to some extent, further consideration of selection bias mechanisms may be needed. We believe an agenda for advancing a method must include these attributes.

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This paper describes an experiment in which a single questionnaire was fielded in four different styles of presentation: Text Only, Decoratively Visual, Functionally Visual and Gamified. Respondents were randomly assigned to only one presentation version. To understand the effect of presentation style on survey experience and data quality, we compared response distributions, respondent behaviour (such as time to complete), and self-reports regarding the survey experience and level of engagement across the four experimental presentations. While the functionally visual and gamified treatments produced higher satisfaction scores from respondents, we found no real differences in respondent engagement measures. We also found few differences in response patterns.

In many Web surveys, respondents navigate through the instrument using Next and Previous/Back buttons. There is considerable variation in practice and discussion among researchers about where to place these buttons and how best to design them to encourage the desired behavior. We conducted an experiment on the placement and design of these buttons. We find significant effects of these factors on completion time and use of the Previous button, but not on breakoff rates. We discuss the detailed results and implications for practice.