Polyaniline (PANI) latex particles have been synthesized using both inverse and direct miniemulsion polymerization techniques. It is shown that inverse miniemulsions of anilinium hydrochloride can be oxidized by simple H 2O2, thus resulting under optimized conditions in highly crystalline PANI particles dispersed in hydrocarbons with high volume fraction. The resulting structure is identified as emeraldine, which however crystallizes in a new crystal morphology. Oxidation of aniline miniemulsions in water with diverse oxidants from the continuous phase also leads to highly crystalline PANI, which however has a low colloidal stability. Additional employment of a costabilizer in this case leads to stable aqueous PANI dispersions with for water-based systems otherwise unreached local structural order.

Fluorinated latexes in the size range of 100-250 nm are made by the polymerization of miniemulsions of fluoroalkyl acrylates as fluorinated monomers under employment of rather low doses of protonated surfactants. In addition, it is shown that miniemulsifaction of mixed monomer species allows efficient copolymerization reactions to be performed with standard hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers in a joint heterophase situation, resulting either in core-shell latexes or in statistical copolymers. Contrary to the pure fluorinated polymers, those copolymers dissolve in organic solvents but still show the profitable interface properties of the fluorinated species.

Nitrogen‐doped carbon materials are synthesized via an effective, sustainable, and green one‐step route based on the hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae with high nitrogen content (ca. 11 wt %). The addition of the monosaccharide glucose to the reaction mixture is found to be advantageous, enhancing the fixation of nitrogen in the synthesized carbons, resulting in materials possessing nitrogen content in excess of 7 wt %, and leading to promising reaction yields. Increasing the amount of glucose leads to a higher nitrogen retention in the carbons, which suggests co‐condensation of the microalgae and glucose‐derived degradation/hydrolysis products via Maillard‐type cascade reactions, yielding nitrogen‐containing aromatic heterocycles (e.g., pyrroles) as confirmed by several analytical techniques. Increasing the HTC processing temperature leads to a further aromatization of the chemical structure of the HTC carbon and the formation of increasingly more condensed nitrogen‐containing functional motifs (i.e., pyridinic and quaternary nitrogen).

Mixtures of phenols/ketones and urea show eutectic behavior upon gentle heating. These mixtures possess liquid-crystalline-like phases that can be processed. The architecture of phenol/ketone acts as structure-donating motif, while urea serves as melting-point reduction agent. Condensation at elevated temperatures results in nitrogen-containing carbons with remarkably high nitrogen content of mainly pyrazinic nature.