This study is a quantitative descriptive study, which was conducted with an aim to assess the knowledge on nonpharmacological methods of pain management among registered general nurses at Bindura Hospital. This is because most nurses focus more on pharmacological pain management than nonpharmacological therapies which are given less attention or accord. This study used a descriptive study design, which is a nonexperimental research design so as to obtain information about registered nurses knowledge on nonpharmacological pain management. A convenience sampling technique was utilised to select a sample of seventy-five participants. Data were collected by the researcher who distributed self-administered questionnaires to available registered nurses after obtaining informed consent at Bindura Provincial Hospital. The mean knowledge score for this study was 48.6% and was below a pass mark of 50% and far below 80% which is the minimal acceptable level of knowledge on the Nurses Knowledge and Attitude Scale. A minimum knowledge score of 16% was obtained from participants showing lack of knowledge on indications of nonpharmacological pain therapies and a maximum knowledge score of 97.3% was shown on knowledge on nonpharmacological techniques. The following conclusion was drawn from the research findings; the study showed that the nurses have poor knowledge regarding nonpharmacological pain management as indicated by mean knowledge score of 48.6%. The researcher therefore recommends that the nursing practice should take an initiative in ensuring that all practicing nurses practice the highest possible pain management nursing care and that opportunities should be made available for nurses to be educated in effective pain management utilising nonpharmacological therapies.
The study assessed the pollution, biodegradation rates, and phytoaccumulation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and Arsenic (As) in soils in the wet and dry seasons and compared them with set standards. Ten samples of 1kg each were randomly collected and mixed for each site that is the upgradient control site (10m2 strata design) and the downgradient contaminated site (16m2 strata design) to make a composite sample for each site. Three representative samples were collected and replicated for four months on both sites. Pot experiments were run with the same concentration levels of TPHs, Pb, As, and Cd. Each pot experiment was also replicated four times for tobacco compost, chicken droppings, Brassica juncea, and the control. Inductive Coupled Spectrometry, SPSS, ANOVA, t-test, normality, and post hoc tests were carried out for analysis. TPHs, Pb, As, and Cd concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the limits (MHSPEN and USEPA). TPHs and heavy metals had the highest concentration levels in the soil at the selected site in the following order: TPHs>Pb>Cd>As. Bioremediation in a controlled experiment revealed that Chicken Droppings and Brassica juncea were effective in reclaiming TPHs, As, and Cd while Tobacco Compost was effective in reclaiming Pb. The highest mean concentrations of Pb, As, and Cd were found in Brassica juncea in the following increasing order: roots, stem, and leaves, respectively.
The aim of the study was to ascertain the pollution levels in water sources in the areas surrounding the closed Gaborone landfill site. The study focused on the physico -chemical analysis of surface water resources around the closed Gaborone landfill site. The specific objectives were to determine the properties of surface water around the landfill and compare them along a transect with the water sources upslope and downslope of the landfill. Furthermore, the probable impacts of the wastes on water resources are highlighted and the levels of heavy metal contamination in surface waters around the closed Gaborone landfill are shown, in addition to compare the findings in this study with set standards (WHO, USEPA, FAO, EU, USSR and BOBS) and other yardsticks from previous studies. Due to scarcity of water resources and poor drainage water levels, five (5) existing surface water samples were collected offsite along a spatial gradient transect while the sampling interval was based on the length of the slope below the landfill. Field sampling and laboratory analysis of surface water resources was done so as to ascertain physico -chemical and heavy metal pollution levels. The findings of the investigations show that physical parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity, turbidity, TDS and TCU levels at the closed Gaborone landfill are above the drinking water standards BOS 32: 2000, WHO (2004) and USEPA (1991) limits and there is a general decline in pH, EC, TSS, TVS, TSD and TCU with increasing distance from the landfill site. While the chemical properties show that alkalinity, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, chlorides, calcium, magnesium, chromium, and ammonia levels for the closed Gaborone landfill are higher than BOS 32: 2000, WHO (2004) and USEPA (1991) limits indicating toxicity. The general trend patterns show that there is a general decline in alkalinity, BOD 5 , sulphates, phosphates, nitrates, magnesium, calcium and chromium levels with increasing distance from the closed Gaborone landfill while chlorides levels are increasing. There was a significant decline in alkalinity, EC, sulphates, and calcium with increasing distance at P = 0.05. On the other hand, BOD 5 levels can be classified as clean to moderately polluted. Overall, sanitary landfills have a far-reaching impact on the surrounding water resources and if left unmonitored increased pollution levels could lead to compromised drinking water quality, public health deterioration and descending environmental eminence.
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