RESUMOEsta breve revisão de literatura tem como objetivo abordar alguns aspectos dos fatores morfológicos e fisiológicos que, direta ou indiretamente, influenciam na habilidade das plantas em adaptar-se a diferentes condições de déficit hídrico durante seu crescimento e desenvolvimento. A sensibilidade do desenvolvimento das folhas ao déficit hídrico pode mudar no transcorrer do dia ou nas diferentes estações do ano, porém a limitação de expansão na área foliar pode ser considerada como uma primeira reação das plantas a esse déficit. Plantas cultivadas sob condições adequadas de suprimento hídrico são, normalmente, menos resistentes ao déficit hídrico e, quando da ocorrência rápida do déficit hídrico, os mecanismos morfofisiológicos são severamente afetados, pois a planta necessitaria adaptarse rapidamente a esta situação de déficit; entretanto, quando o déficit hídrico ocorre gradualmente e/ou no início do ciclo, mais facilmente ocorre a adaptação das plantas. A tolerância da planta ao déficit hídrico parece ser um importante mecanismo de resistência para manter o processo produtivo em condições de baixa disponibilidade de água às plantas. "Por isso, a importância de se abordar alguns aspectos dos fatores morfológicos e fisiológicos que influenciam a habilidade das plantas na adaptação a situações de déficit hídrico." Palavras-chave: déficit hídrico, morfologia, fisiologia WATER DEFICIT AND MORPHOLOGIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF THE PLANTS ABSTRACTThis brief review of literature has the objective of discussing some aspects of the morphological and physiological factors that directly or indirectly influence the plant's ability to adapt to different soil water deficit conditions during its growth and development. The sensitivity of leaf development to water deficits may change during the daytime or during the season of the year. The reduction of the plant leaf area may be considered as the first plant response to water deficit. Plants cultivated under irrigated conditions are usually less resistant to water deficit. A rapid development of water deficit may accelerate morphologic and physiologic changes in the plants. However, the gradual development of water deficit by plants growing in most field situations allows slow and continual adjustments in physiological processes. The plant adaptation to soil water deficit is important to maintain the production capacity in conditions of restricted water availability to the plants.
RESUMO:Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os custos envolvidos na construção de modelos de biodigestores (indiano, chinês e canadense) no município de Cascavel -PR. Determinaram-se os custos de produção de energia a partir do biogás produzido por dejetos de caprinos, bovinos e suínos, para sistemas de semiconfinamento. Foram utilizadas propriedades rurais com 20; 40; 60; 80 e 100 animais de cada um dos três grupos avaliados. A partir do volume de dejetos produzidos por animal, foram dimensionados os biodigestores e calculados os custos para a construção e a implantação de cada modelo, e o custo total da produção anual de energia em função do número de animais. O biodigestor modelo canadense apresentou o menor custo de construção e de implantação, variando de R$ 2.104,00 a R$ 7.266,00. A geração de energia com dejetos de suínos apresentou o menor custo, variando de 0,015 a 0,050 R$/KWh em biodigestor modelo canadense. A maior produção anual de energia foi verificada para bovinos, variando de 24.090 kWh/ano a 120.450 kWh/ano, para os três modelos de biodigestor em estudo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: bio gás, esterco, avaliação econômica. COST ASSESSMENT OF BIODIGESTER IMPLEMENTATION AND BIOGAS-PRODUCED ENERGYABSTRACT: This study aimed at assessing the costs incurred in building different biodigester models (Indian, Chinese, and Canadian) in Cascavél -PR, Brazil. We also determined costs related to biogas production from goat, bovine, and swine dungs in semi-confinement systems. For this purpose, we evaluated farms with herds of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 animals of each group. The biodigesters' volume were based on each animal amount of excrement and, then, we calculated the costs for building and implementing each model, as well as costs a ssociated to annual energy production on the number of animals used. The lowest cost was observed for Canadian biodigester with respect to both building and implementation, ranging from R$ 2,104.00 to R$ 7,266.00. Power generation using swine waste had the lowest costs varying 0.015 to 0.050 R$/ kWh with Canadian model. The largest annual energy production was recorded for bovine dung, varying 24,090 to 120,450 kWh/ year for the 3 studied models.
a b s t r a c tSafflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has gained importance as an oilseed crop due to its hardiness and oil, which can be used in the production of biofuels. Studying proper crop management methods is highly important for the development of safflower in Brazil, since applying fertilizers correctly and using the appropriate time are efficient ways to achieve higher yield. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate safflower yield components, seed yield and oil content in two growing seasons. Two experiments under dryland conditions were conducted in 2014 in Cascavel, PR, Brazil. A randomised complete block design with three replications was used. Five rates of NPK fertilizer were used (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 kg ha −1 of N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O formula 4-14-8) in two growing seasons (autumn and winter). Even in a Rhodic Acrudox with high concentrations of P and K, the application of NPK fertilizer in the furrow improved seed yield and oil yield in the autumnal growing season. Safflower seed yield averaged 2068 and 3820 kg ha −1 in autumn and winter, respectively. The application of NPK fertilizer to safflower in the autumnal growing season significantly increased oil content (23.9%). The linear plateau model predicted increased yield with NPK rates <652 kg and <610 NPK ha −1 , resulting in seed yield and oil yield of approximately 4374 kg ha −1 and 1048 kg ha −1 , respectively. Safflower seems promising as an alternative oilseed crop for Southern Brazil when seeded in autumn with basic fertilization.
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