A biological control programme using inundative releases of Trichogramma chilonis Ischii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared on Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is currently underway to reduce infestations of Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in sugarcane, Saccharum spp., on Réunion Island. To assess the potential of the parasitoid as an inundative biocontrol agent, the functional response of three T. chilonis strains was tested with G. mellonella and one strain with C. sacchariphagus host eggs in glass tubes in the laboratory. The shape of the functional response (type II or III) was determined using logistic regression, and attack coefficients and handling times (Th) were determined using non‐linear least‐square regression. The behaviour of all three strains with G. mellonella host eggs corresponded to a type III response. The St Benoît T. chilonis strain had a significantly shorter estimate of Th than the St Pierre strain (P<0.05) and may, therefore, be more appropriate as a biocontrol agent. The functional response with C. sacchariphagus host eggs was a type II with the St Benoît T. chilonis strain. More T. chilonis wasps developed per host egg from the larger C. sacchariphagus host eggs (2.9) relative to G. mellonella (1.1). Superparasitism at low host egg densities was, therefore, likely to have been less frequent with C. sacchariphagus. Black eggs were chosen as an estimate of number of eggs parasitized, although they represent the number of eggs where parasitism led to complete pupal development. The low rate of detected parasitism at low host densities with G. mellonella eggs may be due to incomplete pupal development due to superparasitism rather than lack of parasitism, thus explaining the type III functional response.
Les insectes ravageurs représentent une contrainte majeure à l’augmentation du rendement en culture cotonnière en Afrique de l’Ouest. Les filières cotonnières se sont engagées, à des degrés divers, dans des démarches de gestion intégrée des ravageurs pour réduire l’utilisation des insecticides et limiter en amont les risques sanitaires et environnementaux. Toutefois, un changement fondamental des pratiques, au bénéfice de la stimulation des services de régulation naturelle des ravageurs, s’impose pour mettre au point des systèmes de production encore plus économes en pesticides et plus résilients. Les leviers permettant de stimuler les processus écologiques de régulation naturelle des ravageurs sont multiples et redevables d’actions à différentes échelles, du champ cultivé au territoire, mais nécessitent d’approfondir notre connaissance du système de vie des ravageurs et de leurs ennemis naturels. Ils nécessitent aussi une plus grande prise en compte de la perception et des pratiques des acteurs dans une approche participative de la gestion collective des ressources et des processus d’innovation. À terme, il s’agit de construire une organisation territorialisée d’actions individuelles et collectives de gestion des ravageurs et des services écosystémiques, incluant des dimensions écologiques, économiques et sociales.
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