BackgroundWe investigated if new vessel formation in fat involves the contribution of local tissue-derived endothelial cells (i.e., angiogenesis) or bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs, i.e. vasculogenesis) and if antiangiogenic treatment by blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors can prevent diet-induced obesity (DIO).Methodology/Principal FindingsWe performed restorative bone marrow transplantation into wild-type mice using transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) constitutively (driven by β-actin promoter) or selectively in endothelial cells (under Tie2 promoter activation) as donors. The presence of donor BMDCs in recipient mice was investigated in fat tissue vessels after DIO using in vivo and ex vivo fluorescence microscopy. We investigated the roles of VEGF receptors 1 and 2 (VEGFR1/VEGFR2) by inducing DIO in mice and treating them with blocking monoclonal antibodies. We found only marginal (less than 1%) incorporation of BMDCs in fat vessels during DIO. When angiogenesis was inhibited by blocking VEGFR2 in mice with DIO, treated mice had significantly lower body weights than control animals. In contrast, blocking VEGFR1 had no discernable effect on the weight gain during DIO.Conclusions/SignificanceFormation of new vessels in fat tissues during DIO is largely due to angiogenesis rather than de novo vasculogenesis. Antiangiogenic treatment by blockade of VEGFR2 but not VEGFR1 may limit adipose tissue expansion.

R adiologists play a pivotal role in cancer care through imaging for the purposes of screening, diagnosis, treatment planning, and surveillance. Additionally, image-guided tissue biopsies performed by radiologists allow for more specific diagnosis and the ability to molecularly characterize tumor cells. Radiologists are also involved in cancer treatment as interventional radiologists deliver minimally invasive local-regional therapies and nuclear medicine physicians administer radionuclide therapy. As discussed by Hricak (1), there are many exciting developing advancements in the field of radiology in the context of precision oncology. Although characterizing physiologic and molecular features of tumors through imaging has traditionally been limited to enhancement characteristics and metabolism, deeper tumor characterization is now possible through molecular imaging for treatment selection, dose finding, and data acquisition on tumor metabolism through nuclear medicine and MR spectroscopy. These innovations, combined with the integration of artificial intelligence and the emerging fields of theranostics and radiomics, are just a few of the ways that radiologists are expanding their contributions and adding value to the care of the patient with cancer (1,2).The emergence of precision medicine and personalized cancer treatment based on genetic analysis of tumor tissue over the past few decades has resulted in more specific treatment options. While tumor cell receptors, driver mutations, and treatment-susceptible alterations allow for tailored treatment selection, cancers continue to adapt through genetic and epigenetic alterations and acquire resistance to therapy (3). Intratumor heterogeneity

Cranial nerve disease outside the skull base is a common cause of facial and/or neck pain, which causes significant disability for patients and frustration for clinicians. Neuropathy in this region can be traumatic, idiopathic, or iatrogenic secondary to dental and surgical procedures. MR neurography is a modification of conventional MRI techniques dedicated to evaluation of peripheral nerves and is being increasingly used for imaging of peripheral neuropathies at various sites in the body. MR neurography facilitates assessment of different causes of craniofacial pain and cranial nerves and allows elegant depiction of a multitude of regional neuropathies. This article discusses the anatomy, pathologic conditions, and imaging findings of the commonly implicated but difficult to image infratentorial nerves, such as the peripheral trigeminal nerve and its branches, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, hypoglossal nerve, and greater and lesser occipital nerves. RSNA, 2018.

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