Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast type of cancer with no expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). It is a highly metastasized, heterogeneous disease that accounts for 10–15% of total breast cancer cases with a poor prognosis and high relapse rate within five years after treatment compared to non-TNBC cases. The diagnostic and subtyping of TNBC tumors are essential to determine the treatment alternatives and establish personalized, targeted medications for every TNBC individual. Currently, TNBC is diagnosed via a two-step procedure of imaging and immunohistochemistry (IHC), which are operator-dependent and potentially time-consuming. Therefore, there is a crucial need for the development of rapid and advanced technologies to enhance the diagnostic efficiency of TNBC. This review discusses the overview of breast cancer with emphasis on TNBC subtypes and the current diagnostic approaches of TNBC along with its challenges. Most importantly, we have presented several promising strategies that can be utilized as future TNBC diagnostic modalities and simultaneously enhance the efficacy of TNBC diagnostic.

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We studied the effect of pregnancy plasma and monoclonal antibodies to the histocompatibility antigens HLA and DR on migration of normal leukocytes from capillaries. It was observed that plasma from women in the first trimester of pregnancy significantly enhanced leukocyte migration at a concentration of 10% (mean area of migration = 50.7 +/- 9.2 cm2), as compared with plasma from nonpregnant women (22.8 +/- 7.0 cm2; p less than 0.05). This effect was less during the second trimester (39.5 +/- 3.5 cm2; p less than 0.05) and no enhancement was noted with plasma obtained from the third trimester of pregnancy. Similar results were obtained with a 20% concentration of plasma also. On the other hand, the monoclonal anti-HLA and anti-DR antibodies had an inhibitory effect on migration of leukocytes. These results are discussed in relation to the immunoregulatory role of pregnancy plasma in the nonrejection of the fetal allograft.