Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic and the travellers’ behaviour towards travel risk is an emerging issue. Nonetheless, the travellers’ perceived COVID-19 impacts, travel risk perception, health and safety perception and travel avoidance concerning protection motivation theory is unnoticed. Following the protection motivation theory, the current study investigates the direct and indirect relationships between perceived COVID-19 impacts and travel avoidance. Moreover, the travellers’ cognitive perceptions of risk may vary with their demographic characteristics; therefore, the present study aims to test the differences in group-specific parameter estimates using a multi-group analysis. Design/methodology/approach The authors approached travellers from Tianjin, China using different communication services, including WeChat and email, through a snowball sampling technique. The study used 553 valid questionnaires for analysis. Findings The results of 553 questionnaires in structural equation modelling (SEM) with AMOS 21 indicated that travellers’ perceived Covid-19 impacts positively correlate with travel avoidance. The study model based on protection motivation theory specifies that travel risk perception and health and safety perception as a cognitive mediating process partially mediated the relationship between perceived COVID-19 impacts and travel avoidance. The findings specified that during COVID-19, travellers assessed the severity of travel risks and adopted preventive measures which influenced their travel behaviour and led to travel avoidance. The multi-group analysis results indicated no difference in perception for gender and education; however, concerning age, the significant nested p-value specifies a difference in perception. Practical implications The study offers implications for policymakers and the tourism industry to understand the travellers’ perceptions of travel during the pandemic and ensure health and safety measures to encourage travelling and reviving the tourism industry. Originality/value The application of protection motivation theory to analyse the travellers’ perceived COVID-19 impacts and travel avoidance in the presence of travel risk perception and health and safety perceptions as a cognitive mediating process is novel.

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This study aimed to find out the impact of expenditure on economic growth in Pakistan, using the time series data for the period 1972 to 2013. Secondary data was acquired from World Development indicators and Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Augmented Dicky Fuller Test (ADF) was applied to check the stationarity of the data. In addition, Johansen Cointegration and Granger Causality tests were applied to empirically investigate the relationship between the variables (expenditure and economic growth) in Pakistan. The results of Cointegration test have indicated that there is no relationship between expenditure and economic growth in the long run.

The purpose of this research is to explore the association among energy, environment and economic growth in Latin-American countries from 1990-2014 by using multivariate Structure. This study used number of co-integration techniques to confirm log run relationship among environment, and energy. The study findings also show the effect of the energy on environment in the long run by using FMOLS and DOLS. In addition, this research also employed the causality test to study the causal relation among the variables. The outcomes of the various tests of co-integration endorse a longrun relationship among renewable energy (REN) and non-renewable (NREN) consumption and environment. The long run results show that the use of renewable energy source can reduce the CO 2 emissions in selected countries. Moreover, the non-renewable energy consumption is increasing CO 2 emissions. In addition, the direction of the causality is unidirectional from REN to CO 2 , NREN to CO 2 and GDP to CO 2 . However, there is absence of two-way causality among the variables in the model.

To carry out the current study, a total of 509 self-administered questionnaires were distributed among the tourists to collect the data which was analysed by using SPSS and Partial Least Square (PLS). PLS-SEM was applied to find out the relationship between variables and test the strength of model. Findings:The key findings are consistent with other studies while price mix and promotion mix are in contrast from others showing insignificant relationship in tourism development. There is evidence from the results that tourists are not concerned about the expenses which include mountaineering royalty fee, trekking royalty fee and other expenses while they tour to mountain areas. Therefore, it can be argued that price becomes less important for tourists to be considered, so, the relationship of price mix with the tourism development is insignificant. Another argument may come up regarding promotion mix that traditional advertisements have become obsolete now and majority of tourists use social media as it is also evidenced in the study that majority of tourists get information from social media sources, therefore, traditional promotion mix has no influence on attracting tourist towards the destinations. Practical Implication: In addition to the contribution to existing body of knowledge, this study helps policy makers and managers of tourism sector to formulate proper plans by considering tourism marketing strategies for the development of tourism in mountain areas of Pakistan. Originality/Values: This study contributes to find out the relationship of 4Ps-marketing mix with tourism development in the mountain areas of northern Pakistan.