En este trabajo se presenta un dossier bibliográfico que hace referencia a procedimientos de evaluación y de intervención sobre el aprendizaje de la lectura y sus dificultades desde la perspectiva cognitiva. Asimismo, se revisan algunas de las aportaciones más relevantes de la psicología cognitiva al estudio de la lectura, tanto en su adquisición como en las dificultades que pueda presentar el logro de esta habilidad. Los contenidos se organizan en torno a diversos temas tales como los mecanismos cognitivos que hacen posible la lectura, la transición de prelector a lector competente, los métodos de enseñanza y su incidencia en el desarrollo de la lectura, las creencias de los profesores sobre cómo enseñar a leer y las dificultades lectoras. El dossier bibliográfico está organizado en torno a los tópicos mencionados.
The primary purpose of the study reported here was to explore the effects of the complexity of syllable structure and the effects of task differences in the explanation of deficit in phonological awareness (PA). A sample of 97 subjects was selected and organized into three different groups: 29 readingdisabled (RD) children, 41 normal readers matched in age with the former, and 27 younger normal readers at the same reading level as those with reading disabilities. We administered PA tasks which included items with different complexity of syllable structure. The results showed that the complexity of syllable structure had no particularly marked effect on the dyslexic children. Rather, the isolation task revealed the phonological deficit across all syllable structures.
La reciente regulación legal y social de la infancia y la adolescencia en situación de riesgo en España hace que sea necesario la generación de un cuerpo de investigación que desde el ámbito de la educación fomente factores protectores y favorezca el bienestar de los menores, ya que a pesar de la heterogeneidad que caracteriza a esta población, el fomento de su éxito educativo será sin duda la mejor medida preventiva de la situación de riesgo. La muestra fue de 232 estudiantes declarados en situación de riesgo, con bajo (115 estudiantes) y buen rendimiento académico (117 estudiantes) escolarizados en Educación Secundaria, de los que se recogió información sobre variables personales y sociofamiliares que guardan relación con el rendimiento. En relación a las variables personales, los resultados mostraron que los alumnos que tienen un buen rendimiento académico se caracterizan por tener mayores puntuaciones en sus metas académicas, atribuyen su éxito académico a su propia capacidad y esfuerzo y perciben un mayor apoyo familiar afectivo de su familia. Respecto a las variables familiares, se encontró que los alumnos que tienen un buen rendimiento se caracterizan por tener un mayor porcentaje de padres con titulación universitaria, padres y madres que trabajan como funcionarios y madres que esperan que su hijo o hija alcance una titulación universitaria. Como conclusión se confirma la importancia del trabajo conjunto desde los ámbitos educativo y social para prevenir el fracaso escolar. The recent legal and social regulation of childhood and adolescence at risk in Spain makes it necessary to create a body of research that encourages, from the field of education, protective factors and promotes the wellbeing of children, because despite of the heterogeneity that characterizes this population, the promotion of educational success will undoubtedly be the best preventive measure of the risk situation. The sample was of 232 students declared at risk, with students of low (115) and good academic achievement (117) enrolled in Secondary Education, of which we collected information about personal and family variables that are related to achievement. Regarding the personal variables, results showed that students that have a good academic achievement are characterized by higher scores in their academic goals, they attribute their academic success to their own capacity and effort and they perceive a greater affective family support from their family. Regarding family variables, we found that students with good academic achievement have a higher percentage of parents with a university degree, parents who work in the public sector and mothers who expect that their son or daughterwill achieve a university degree. In conclusion, the importance of working together from the educational and social levels to prevent school failure is confirmed.
T his study was designed to examine the possible effect of instructional method and grade on the development of the competences used in reading isolated words in a transparent orthography (i.e., Spanish). A cross-sectional design was used with a sample of 202 children who were learning to read by different instructional methods (code-oriented vs. meaning-oriented approaches). The effect of instructional method was analysed on reaction times, latency responses, and misreading on lexical decision and naming tasks. Words varied in frequency, length, and positional frequency of syllables (PFS) and the nonwords varied only in length and PFS. Our prediction was that the differences in reaction times and error performance as a function of the variables that allow us to test the routes-such as lexicality, word frequency, PFS, and word length-would be greater in the individuals who learn by a meaning-oriented approach, which means that this group would be more affected by unfamiliar and longer words, low PFS, and nonwords in comparison to individuals who learn by a code-oriented approach. This would support the view that individuals who learn by a meaning-oriented approach have particular difficulties in naming words under conditions that require extensive phonological computation. Reliable effects of instructional method were found both in reaction times and latency responses and also on misreading in words and nonwords. The findings demonstrate superiority in the sublexical analysis in children who were learning by codeoriented approaches. However, individuals who were learning by meaning-oriented approaches had particular difficulties in naming words under conditions that require extensive phonological computation.L objectif de cette étude était d'examiner l'effet possible de la méthode d'enseignement et du niveau de scolarité sur le développement des compétences utilisées dans la lecture de mots isolés d'une orthographe transparente (en espagnol). Un design transversal fut appliqué auprès d'un échantillon de 202 enfants qui apprenaient à lire soit à partir d'une méthode d'enseignement orientée sur le code ou à partir d'une méthode d'enseignement orientée sur le sens. Les effets de chaque méthode d'enseignement ont été analysés à partir du temps de réaction, de la latence de réponse et des erreurs de lecture. Les mots présentés variaient en fréquence, en longueur et selon la fréquence positionnelle des syllabes. Des mots dénués de sens étaient aussi présentés. Ceux-ci variaient seulement en longueur et selon la fréquence positionnelle des syllabes. Notre prédiction était que les différences dans les temps de réaction et les erreurs, en tant que fonction des variables permettant de tester les voies d'apprentissage (telles que la valeur lexicale, la fréquence du mot, la fréquence positionnelle des syllabes et la longueur du mot) seraient plus importantes chez les individus qui ont appris par l'approche orientée sur le sens. Ainsi, ce groupe devrait être plus affecté par les mots non familiers et plus longs, par une fréqu...
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