Vertical wind shears could have a significant effect on the energy produced by a wind turbine and on its loads. Although the development of several wind farms has been planned on the East Coast of the United States, there are no studies that characterize the vertical wind shear over this area. This study focuses on characterizing wind shears in the marine boundary layer in Southern New England and along the East Coast of the United States. The analysis looks at the statistical distribution of vertical wind shear values and at their associated meteorological conditions. The analysis relies on remote‐sensing wind measurements and other meteorological data recorded at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Air–Sea Interaction Tower located 3 km to the South of Martha's Vineyard, together with buoy measurements and ERA5 reanalysis data. This work shows that large vertical wind shear values (>0.05 m/s/m) calculated using wind measurements at 60 and 53 m were often observed (≈25.3% of all the valid wind profiles analyzed) for South‐Westerly winds within a range of positive bulk Richardson numbers 0–0.1. These large‐shear values are the result of the presence of a strong high‐pressure system (Bermuda‐Azores High) over the North Atlantic basin and low pressures over land, which result in warm Southerly winds flowing over the cold waters of the Labrador current. The power density computed considering the vertical wind shear by means of the rotor equivalent wind speed is 5.5% smaller than that considering wind speed measurements at 110 m only.

<p>Atmospheric stability is a measure of atmospheric status which determines whether thermodynamically perturbed air will rise, sink, or be neutral. Atmospheric stability has a major impact on the evolution of wind turbine wakes and thus on the yield and performance of offshore wind parks. For estimations of wind park power output and for improving analyses of offshore wind park wakes, a crucial parameter was found to be profiles of atmospheric temperature and stability metrics. Atmospheric temperature profiles can be measured in-situ by balloon-borne sensors, but also estimated from the ground using remote sensing observations.</p><p>Ground-based microwave radiometer (MWR) units operating in the 22-30 GHz and 50-60 GHz bands are commonly used to estimate atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. A handful of MWR profiling types are nowadays available as off-the-shelf commercial products, and a MWR network is currently being established in the framework of EUMETNET E-PROFILE programme (Rüfenacht et al., 2021). This presentation reviews the stability metrics useful for monitoring wind park performances and provides a quantitative assessment of the value of MWR observations to estimate these stability metrics from near surface, either over land or ocean. Results from three different MWR instruments, representing the most common available on the market, will be presented, as obtained during at least three field experiments, both onshore and offshore.</p><p>This contribution presents the main outcomes of the Radiometry and Atmospheric Profiling (RAP) scoping study, carried in the framework of the COST Action PROBE (https://www.probe-cost.eu/) and funded by Carbon Trust and the partner companies of the Off-shore Wind Accelerator (OWA) program: (in alphabetical order) EnBW, Equinor, Orsted, RWE, Scottish Power Renewables, Shell, SSE Renewables, Total Energies, Vattenfall.</p>

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