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INTRODUCTION Techniques for thyroidectomy have evolved remarkably over the past 150 years. This is currently considered to be a very safe operation with favorable results when performed by experienced surgeons. 1 Hypocalcemia as a result of hypoparathyroidism is the most common postoperative complication of thyroidectomy. Hypoparathyroidism is considered to be transient if recovery occurs within days, weeks or a few months; or permanent when calcium levels do not return to normal within six months after surgery. 2,3 Transient hypoparathyroidism is seen in 0.3 to 49% of the patients undergoing thyroidectomy, whereas permanent hypoparathyroidism is less likely and has been reported in up to 13% of the cases. 4-8 The established risk factors for hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy are advanced age, female sex, size of the thyroid gland, substernal goiter, Graves' disease, surgical technique (de-vascularization, excision or other inadvertent damage of the parathyroid glands), central compartment dissection, reoperation, less experienced surgeon and low 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels in the preoperative period. 9-18 Most thyroid surgeons provide calcium supplementation based on postoperative calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) serum levels, or presence of symptoms, whereas others routinely prescribe calcium and vitamin D supplementation after thyroidectomy to prevent hypocalcemia symptoms. 12,13,19 In a randomized study involving 143 patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, it

Background: Well-established conventional thyroidectomy has satisfactory outcomes; however, robotic and endoscopic thyroid surgery can avoid visible anterior neck scars. Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) is the most recent of these techniques. Methods: This was a retrospective review of 412 patients who underwent TOETVA from 2017 to 2020 in 13 Brazilian centers. Results: The study included 359 (87.1%) females and 53 (12.9%) males, with a mean age of 40 years. There were 231 (56.1%) total thyroidectomies. The conversion rate was 0.7%. The transient vocal cord palsy rate was 7.6% (30 patients). Temporary and persistent hypocalcemia rates were 4.0% and 0.8%, respectively. There were two cases of infection (0.5%). Discussion: This is a large multi-institute TOETVA study, with one of the largest cohorts published to date that; despite its retrospective nature and selection bias, reached outcomes comparable to previously reported series, this study reinforced safeness, feasibility, and nationwide reproducibility for this technique.

There has been a significant increase in concern towards improving aesthetic and functional outcomes without compromising the oncologic effectiveness in head and neck surgery. The aim of the current study is to assess the feasibility and oncological outcome of the retroauricular approach for endoscopic and robot-assisted selective neck dissection (SND) for oral cancer in comparison with the conventional SND. A retrospective single institute cohort study was designed. Patients undergoing an SND for oral cavity carcinoma were included and allocated into two groups: (1) retroauricular approach group for endoscopic-assisted or robot-assisted SND or (2) transcervical approach group for the conventional SND. Primary endpoint was the perioperative and postoperative treatment outcomes. Secondary endpoint was the early oncologic outcome. Sixty patients were included (17 retroauricular; 43 conventional). For the primary outcome, only a significant longer operative time in the retroauricular group was identified. No unintentional injury or conversion to the conventional surgery was recorded. There was no significant difference identified in the early oncologic outcome, including number of retrieved lymph nodes and disease-free survival. Postoperative aesthetic results were considered superior when subjectively compared to the conventional approaches. Endoscopic and robot-assisted SND via a retroauricular approach is feasible, safe, and oncologically efficient when compared with the conventional surgery in a short follow-up scenario. It can be used for selected cases with a clear cosmetic benefit. However, further research with longer follow-up and patient satisfaction analysis is mandatory.