Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) promotes heart oxidative stress (OS) and evokes anti-inflammatory responses observed by increased intracellular 70 kDa heat shock proteins (iHSP70). Furthermore, PM2.5 increases the levels of these proteins in extracellular fluids (eHSP70), which have proinflammatory roles. We investigated whether moderate and high intensity training under exposure to low levels of PM2.5 modifies heart OS and the eHSP70 to iHSP70 ratio (H-index), a biomarker of inflammatory status. Male mice (n = 32), 30 days old, were divided into six groups for 12 weeks: control (CON), moderate (MIT) and high intensity training (HIT), exposure to 5 μg of PM2.5 daily (PM2.5), and moderate and high intensity training exposed to PM2.5 (MIT + PM2.5 and HIT + PM2.5 groups). The CON and PM2.5 groups remained sedentary. The MIT + PM2.5 group showed higher heart lipid peroxidation levels than the MIT and PM2.5 groups. HIT and HIT + PM2.5 showed higher heart lipid peroxidation levels and lower eHSP70 and H-index levels compared to sedentary animals. No alterations were found in heart antioxidant enzyme activity or iHSP70 levels. Moderate exercise training under exposure to low levels of PM2.5 induces heart OS but does not modify eHSP70 to iHSP70 ratio (H-index). High intensity exercise training promotes anti-inflammatory profile despite exposure to low levels of PM2.5.

RESUMOObjetivo: Avaliar o tratamento enteral com L-glutamina nos parâmetros clínicos em modelo experimental de sepse. Métodos: Foram utilizados 24 camundongos B6129SF2/J: Primeiramente, 11 camundongos foram divididos em três grupos para avaliar o modelo experimental que mimetize a fase hipodinâmica na sepse. Os animais receberam solução fisiológica ou solução fecal a 10% ou 20% (i.p.), sendo avaliados glicemia e temperatura corporal em 24h. Avaliamos o efeito do tratamento de L-glutamina por 48h na glicemia, temperatura retal, contagem de leucócitos e peso corporal em 13 animais nos grupos: Controle, Sepse, Glutamina e Sepse+Glutamina. Resultados: A solução fecal 20% induziu a sepse, evidenciando hipotermia, hipoglicemia e leucopenia. O tratamento com L-glutamina evitou a leucopenia. Conclusão: O tratamento com L-glutamina previne a leucopenia no modelo experimental de sepse, sem melhorar outros parâmetros clínicos. Sendo a resposta imune essencial na sepse, o uso de glutamina pode ser útil como terapia adjuvante na sepse.Palavras Chave: Sepse; Modelos Animais; Glutamina; Leucopenia.

Introduction: L-glutamine is a non-essential amino acid, whose intrinsic pool of appears to be depleted during catabolic conditions, such as intense or high duration exercise, and to avoid the exercise- related benefits. Therefore, its supplementation could provide an additional source of L-glutamine and prevent these effects. However, the oral intake of its free form has been discouraged, despites of some evidences reporting positive effects. Objective: to verify whether the L-glutamine supplementation (in its free form) could provide an additional improvement in biometric, glycemic and redox parameters, in animals undergoing moderate aerobic training (MAT). Methods: 28 Swiss male mice were divided into four groups: Cont (n=7), Ex (n=7), Glut (n=8), and Ex+Glut (n=6). Glut and Ex+Glut received gastric gavage of L-glutamine (1g/kg), while Cont and Ex groups received 100 µL of PBS one hour before exercising, five days/week, six weeks. Ex and Ex+Glut underwent moderate swimming, while Cont and Glut remained sedentary, for the same period. Mice started swimming with 2% of body weight attached to the tail during 20 min, and ended the experiment with 4% during 60 min. Results: L-glutamine supplementation increased the gastrocnemius mass and improved the glucose tolerance in animals submitted to MAT. It improved the antioxidant status in gastrocnemius, liver and pancreas, and declined it in adipose tissue in animals undergoing MAT. The drop of adipose antioxidant defense was associated with adiposity, while pancreas antioxidant activity was inversely associated with the glucose intolerance. Conclusion: L-glutamine (free form) improves biometric and glucose parameters, and enhances antioxidant activities.

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