RESUMO: Uma tecnologia inovadora e que tenta ganhar espaço no mercado atual são os robôs ordenhadores. Apesar dos altos custos, a ordenha robotizada pode gerar benefícios para o pecuarista e para os animais submetidos a esse sistema. Objetivou-se apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre a utilização da robótica na ordenha de vacas leiteiras, abordando aspectos como implantação do sistema e funcionamento, efeito sobre a frequência de ordenhas, produção e composição do leite, contagem de células somáticas, mastite, reprodução e bem estar animal. Constatou-se que a programação do robô depende da quantidade de animais a serem ordenhados diariamente e da frequência de ordenha adotada em cada lote. A implantação do sistema depende, primeiramente, do local onde serão construídas as instalações e das possíveis estruturas já existentes na propriedade. A frequência de ordenha é maior em vacas de maior produção leiteira e no início da lactação, sendo esta influenciada pela palatabilidade do concentrado oferecido no momento da ordenha. Frequências maiores que três vezes ao dia diminuem a produção de gordura total no leite e aumentam a concentração de ácidos graxos livres. A incidência de mastite e a contagem de células somáticas tendem a aumentar nos três primeiros meses após a implantação do sistema; a partir do segundo ano, a saúde do úbere tende a melhorar normalizando a incidência de mastite e contagem de células somáticas. A reprodução das vacas não é afetada se a ingestão de matéria seca compensar os maiores gastos energéticos para produções leiteiras mais elevadas. A ordenha robotizada proporciona maior bem estar para as vacas, pois elas se encaminham ao robô de forma voluntária, no momento em que sentirem desconforto.Palavras-chave: automação, bovinocultura leiteira, robô, zootecnia de precisão.
ROBOTIC MILKING OF DAIRY COWS: A REVIEWABSTRACT: An innovative technology that currently tries to gain market share are milking robots. Despite the high costs, robotic milking may produce benefits for the farmer and for animals submitted to this system. The objective of this study was to perform a literature review on the use of robotic milking of dairy cows, addressing aspects such as implementation and functioning of the system and effect on milking frequency, milk production and composition, somatic cell count, mastitis, reproduction, and animal welfare. The results showed that the programming of the robot depends on the number of animals to be milked daily and on the milking frequency adopted in each batch. The implementation of the system mainly depends on the site where the facilities will be built and already existing structures on the farm. The milking frequency is higher for highproducing cows and at the beginning of lactation and is influenced by the palatability of the concentrate offered at the time of milking. Frequencies higher than three times per day reduce total milk fat production and increase the concentration of free fatty
Summary
This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between antral follicular count (AFC) and ovarian volume (OV), preantral follicular population and survival, meiotic progression and ultrastructure of cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) after in vitro maturation. In experiment 1, the relationship between AFC and preantral follicle population and survival was evaluated by classical histology. In experiment 2, the relationship among AFC, OV, ability of oocytes to resume meiosis and ultrastructure of in vitro matured bovine COCs was studied. A positive correlation (P < 0.05) between AFC and the numbers of healthy primordial, degenerate and total follicles was observed, as well as with healthy secondary follicles and total follicles. The numbers of grades I and II oocytes in ovaries of high AFC class were higher compared with those with intermediate or lower AFC. After in vitro maturation, COCs from ovaries of high AFC had a higher percentage of oocytes in metaphase II compared with those of intermediate and low AFC (P < 0.0001). Ovaries of intermediate AFC had a higher percentage of oocytes in metaphase II compared with ovaries with low AFC (P < 0.0001). The proportion of oocytes in metaphase I, telophase I and anaphase I in COCs from ovaries of intermediate AFC (26.04%) was higher (P < 0.05) compared with that seen in COCs of ovaries with high (8.55%) and low (14.15%) AFC. No differences in the ultrastructure of oocytes were seen. In conclusion, after in vitro maturation, cow ovaries with high AFC have higher numbers of oocytes that reach in metaphase II (MII), but they also have higher numbers of degenerated primordial and primary follicles.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.