This study addresses paleoclimate influences in a southern Amazonia ecotone based on multiproxy records from lakes of the Carajás region during the last 45k cal a BP. Wet and cool environmental conditions marked the initial deposition in shallow depressions with detrital sediments and high weathering rates until 40k cal a BP. Concomitantly, forest and C3 canga plants, along with cool-adapted taxa, developed; however, short drier episodes enabled expansion of C4 plants and diagenetic formation of siderite. A massive event of siderite formation occurred approximately 30k cal a BP under strong drier conditions. Afterwards, wet and cool environmental conditions returned and persisted until the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The LGM was marked by lake-level lowstands and subaerial exposure. The transition from the LGM to the Holocene is marked by the onset of oscillations in temperature and humidity, with an expansion of forest and canga plants. Cool taxa were present for the last time in the Carajás region~9.5-9k cal a BP. After 10k cal a BP, shallow lakes became upland swamps due to natural infilling processes, but the current vegetation types and structures of the plateaus were acquired only after 3k cal a BP under wetter climatic conditions.

In the present study, hourly wind direction and speed data from six subregions along the Itacaiúnas River watershed (IRW), Eastern Amazon, are analyzed over a 1-year period. The data are acquired from six hydrometeorological stations located in areas of the IRW with different characteristics of land use and plant cover. Among the stations studied, Serra Leste (mine to pasture transition) stands out, with prevailing winds from the Southeast and the East-Southeast, in addition to higher wind speeds. In contrast, at the Salobo (forest) station, the lowest wind speeds are observed, and this station presents the highest percentage of calm winds (60%) in the series. In the analysis of the daytime (from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m.) and nighttime (from 6 p.m. to 5 a.m.) wind cycles, the breeze and mesoscale circulation system are identified. Predominantly northerly winds are observed acting on the Abadia Farm and IFPA Rural (Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará) stations, both during the day and at night, overlapping with the local breeze effects. Daily (24 h) and associated breeze circulation (12 h) cycle frequency signals are identified through wavelet transform analyses of the wind for all stations. The interference from large-scale phenomena, such as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), which operate in the region, is evident. Finally, the data show that the differences in wind patterns are also due to environmental aspects such as plant cover, land use, and topography.