Postoperative cognitive dysfunction worsens patient outcome after surgery. Neuroinflammation is a critical neuropathological process for it. We determined the role of P2X7 receptors, proteins that participate in inflammatory response, in the neuroinflammation induction after surgery, and whether the choice of volatile anesthetics affects its occurrence. Eight-week old C57BL/6J or P2X7 receptor knockout male mice were subjected to right carotid arterial exposure under anesthesia with 1.8% isoflurane, 2.5% sevoflurane or 10% desflurane. They were tested by Barnes maze and fear conditioning from 2 weeks after the surgery. Hippocampus was harvested 6 h, 24 h and 7 days after the surgery for immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. Mice with surgery under anesthesia with isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane took longer than control mice to identify the target box 1 or 8 days after the training sessions in Barnes maze. Mice anesthetized by isoflurane or sevoflurane, but not by desflurane, had less freezing behavior than control mice in fear conditioning test. Mice with surgery and anesthesia had increased ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 and interleukin 1β in the hippocampus but this increase was smaller in mice anesthetized with desflurane than mice anesthetized with isoflurane. Mice with surgery had increased P2X7 receptors and its downstream molecule caspase 1. Inhibition or knockout of P2X7 receptors attenuated surgery and anesthesia-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. We conclude that surgery under desflurane anesthesia may have reduced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment compared with surgery under isoflurane anesthesia. P2X7 receptors may mediate the neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment after surgery.

This retrospective analysis suggests that treatment of small HCC by RFA under general anesthesia is associated with reduced risk of cancer recurrence. No effect of anesthetic technique on overall survival is detected. Prospective, randomized trials to evaluate this association are warranted.

Microwave coagulation is thought to be the most effective minimally invasive modality for the treatment of liver cancer. 1 During the procedure, spontaneous breathing is maintained and patients awaken soon after the operation. Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl is a commonly used method and the depth of anesthesia is judged primarily by clinical manifestations rather than objective indices. Narcotrend (NT) (Narcotrend, MonitorTechnik, Bad Bramstedt, Germany) is a novel device for monitoring the depth of anesthesia that has been widely used in European countries. 2,3 Numerous studies demonstrate that NT can effectively reflect changes in the depth of anesthesia during intubated general anesthesia, thereby guiding the appropriate use of narcotics. 4 6 Currently, investigations on the use of NT in clinical surgery is rare. Therefore, the present study investigated the role of NT in the monitoring of the depth of anesthesia induced by intravenous propofol fentanyl in clinical settings.