The hippocastanaceous Sapindaceae (family Hippocastanaceae) consists of two genera: Aesculus and Billia. The genus Aesculus (buckeyes) is distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. Twelve of the thirteen species of Aesculus are found in eastern Asia and North America, and one is native to Europe. The two species of the genus Billia are found in South and Central America. Aesculus is traditionally divided into five sections. This analysis, based on morphological characters, suggests that the monotypic section Parryanae (Aesculus parryi Gray) is sister to the remainder of the genus, and the other species are divided into two clades. One clade comprises all species from southeastern North America with the monotypic section Macrothyrsus (Aesculus parviflora Walt.) as sister to section Pavia. The other clade consists of all species found in Eurasia included in sections Aesculus and Calothyrsus, with the only North American member of this clade (Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutall) as sister to the rest of the group. According to this analysis, section Calothyrsus is rendered paraphyletic by the inclusion of section Aesculus. In contrast to previous studies that suggest an Asian origin for the genus, our study suggests an American origin for Aesculus from an ancestor similar to Billia with a single migration to Eurasia via the Bering land bridge.Résumé : Les Sapindaceae hippocastanoïdes (la famille des Hippocastanaceae) sont formées de deux genres, Aesculus et Billia. Le genre Aesculus (les marronniers) est répartie dans l'ensemble de l'hémisphère nord. La majorité des 13 espèces du genre se retrouvent en Asie de l'Est et en Amérique du Nord. Une seule espèce est indigène en Europe. Les deux espèces du genre Billia sont distribuées en Amérique Centrale et du Sud. Le genre Aesculus est traditionnellement divisé en cinq sections. Cette analyse phylogénétique fondée sur des caractères morphologiques place la section Parryanae (Aesculus parryi Gray) comme groupe frère du reste du genre, ce dernier étant subdivisé en deux clades. Le premier clade inclut toutes les espèces du sud-est de l'Amérique du Nord, c'est-à-dire les sections Macrothyrsus et Pavia. La section Macrothyrsus est monotypique (Aesculus parviflora Walt.) et groupe-frère de la section Pavia. Le second clade regroupe toutes les espèces retrouvées en Eurasie (sections Aesculus et Calothyrsus). Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutall, la seule espèce américaine de ce clade, se retrouve à la base. La section Calothyrsus est rendue paraphylétique par l'inclusion de la section Aesculus. Contrairement à certaines études antérieures qui suggèrent une origine asiatique pour le genre Aesculus, notre étude propose plutôt une origine américaine à partir d'un ancêtre similaire à Billia, suivi d'une seule migration vers l'Eurasie via le détroit de Béring.
Terra Nova National Park, located on the east coast of Newfoundland, has a vascular flora of 535 taxa, including 33 rare species and 94 introduced taxa. About 75% of the native flora of the Park is composed of hemicryptophyte and cryptophyte species. Phanerophytes and nanophanerophytes represent only 13% of the flora, but the percentages of occurrence of these life forms reaches 31%. The flora of the Park is mainly boreal (56%), composed mainly of Boreal North American, Boreal Eastern North American, and Circumboreal elements. Arctic-alpine species are infrequent. We report two species as new to Newfoundland: Festuca richardsonii Hooker (Poaceae) and Carex communis L.H. Bailey var. communis (Cyperaceae). Significant positive and negative associations between (i) life forms and (ii) phytogeographical elements, and the distribution of species within the habitats of the Park were established using the Fourth Corner Method. Distribution of life forms and phytogeographical elements within habitats of the Park appears to be explained more by ecological characteristics of species than by their history.Key words: life form, biogeography, biodiversity, Terra Nova National Park, Newfoundland, Canada.
Le réseau des parcs nationaux du Québec vise à assurer la conservation et la protection permanente de territoires représentatifs des régions naturelles du Québec ou de sites naturels exceptionnels. Cependant, dans certains parcs, principalement ceux au sud du 50e parallèle, il peut s’avérer ardu de répondre aux besoins des espèces à grand domaine vital en raison des superficies variables des parcs. De plus, l’utilisation ou la dégradation du territoire en périphérie de ces parcs peut contribuer à une perte de leur valeur écologique. Afin de favoriser la mise en oeuvre de la mission de conservation des parcs nationaux, la Société des établissements de plein air du Québec (Sépaq) a entrepris de mobiliser les acteurs dans les territoires périphériques des parcs. Elle s’est fixé pour objectifs de caractériser les zones périphériques, de tenir des journées de réflexion rassemblant les acteurs locaux et régionaux et de mobiliser ces derniers afin qu’ils réalisent des actions concrètes pour mieux conserver ces territoires. Le maintien des richesses écologiques des parcs repose, en partie, sur l’engagement des acteurs à participer aux efforts de conservation en périphérie des parcs afin de réduire les effets des activités humaines sur les territoires protégés et assurer le maintien des services écologiques essentiels.The aim of the national park network in Québec (Canada) is to permanently conserve and protect zones that are representative of the natural regions found within the province, or outstanding natural areas. However, due to the limited size of certain parks, some, mostly located south of the 50th parallel, face challenges in responding to the habitat needs of species with large home ranges. Moreover, certain land-use activities within the peripheral zones of the parks may contribute to a degradation of their ecological value. To help accomplish the mission of the parks, the Société des établissements de plein air du Québec has undertaken to mobilize neighbouring stakeholders. To achieve this, it set itself the objectives of characterizing the peripheral zones; organizing discussion forums with local and regional stakeholders active within them; and rallying the latter to realize concrete conservation actions. Maintaining the ecological value of the parks relies partially on the engagement and participation of peripheral zone stakeholders in conservation efforts to reduce the impact of human activities on these protected lands. Their actions will help ensure that these areas can continue to fulfill essential ecological services
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