3%). The most common risk factor is Previous LSCS. 42(28%) patients Elective C-section and 21(14%) patients in Emergency C-section had previous LSCS. BMI of 63 patients in Elective C-S was ranging between 24.9-29.9kg/m2 when compared to only 35 patients with similar BMI in Emergency C-S. Overweight patients underwent more Elective C-S when compared to Emergency C-S. There is a reduction of Hb% in both elective and emergency groups after caesarean section. In Elective Csections, the indications in 47(31.3%), 17(11.3%) and 2(1.3%) cases were Previous LSCS, Previous 2 LSCS & Previous 3 LSCS respectively, accounting for total of 66/150(44%) cases. The 2nd common indication for Elective C-section was CPD, 45/150(30%). In Emergency C-sections, the most common indication was Foetal distress, 56/300(37.3%) and 2nd common indication was Previous LSCS, 36/150(24%) cases. Postpartum Haemorrhage -12(8%) was the most frequent intra-operative complication in Emergency C-S when compared to Elective C-S. Babies weighing 2.5kg or more in the Elective

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is the most frequently occurring disorder in neonates. Phototherapy is the most common treatment strategy practiced routinely in the management of neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Reviews on electrolyte variations post phototherapy are highly variable. Therefore our study was aimed to evaluate the effect of phototherapy on calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and liver enzymes in physiologically hyperbilirubinemic neonates before and after phototherapy. The study was carried out on 100 (45 preterm, 55 term) hyperbilirubenimic neonates who underwent phototherapy. The overall prevalence of hypocalcemia was found to be 7%, none in preterm, 12.73% in term, 12.12% in males, 13.64% in females, 2.56% in low birthweight and 11.11% in normal birthweight neonates. The incidence of hypomagnesemia was found to be 4.45% in preterm, 7.27% in term, 5.2% in males, 13.64% in females, 5.13% in low birthweight and 7.4% in normal birthweight neonates. We found the incidence of hyponatremia to be 12%, 11.11% in preterm, 12.73 % in term, 12.12% in males, 18.6% in females, 5.13% in low birthweight and 14.8% in normal birthweight neonates. Monitoring of serum calcium and electrolyte levels in neonates undergoing phototherapy will help to identify hypocalcemia and electrolyte imbalances to prevent complications.

There is a knowledge gap in the literature regarding oral health disparities (OHD) in minority and indigenous (IG) paediatric cohorts that needs to be addressed. Disparities in oral health among children are a pressing concern, highlighting inequities in access to dental care and meeting needs. The current systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the prevailing understanding of OHD in the minority and IG strata. A meticulous search strategy was formulated by a team of reviewers to identify pertinent studies from databases of PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar and EMBASE. Data extraction and article selection strictly adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was employed to evaluate the methodological quality of the studies included. Review Manager version 5.4 was used to synthesise quantitative data. A total of five cross-sectional studies were included in the final analysis. The findings consistently demonstrated the existence of racial and socioeconomic disparities in oral health across varying age groups and geographical locations in the defined population. Significant disparities in oral health outcomes were observed between IG and non-IG populations, with IG and minority groups exhibiting a heightened vulnerability to oral health challenges. Through a meta-analysis of the compiled data, a statistically significant association was established between children (being a member of a minority group) and unmet oral health needs. Socioeconomic status (SES) and maternal education were factors that showed a significant impact on oral health disparity. All studies were graded to be of the low-risk category based on the NOS risk of bias tool. This review successfully identified several influential factors contributing to oral health disparities, such as cultural practices, dietary patterns and access to oral healthcare services. Additionally, discernible differences in oral health status were evident between IG and non-IG children, with IG children enduring a greater burden of oral health difficulties. These findings underscore the imperative for targeted interventions and policy measures aimed at addressing the specific oral health needs of minority and IG paediatric populations, with the overarching goal of mitigating the existing disparities.

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