Surfactant is an amphipilic chemical structure which contains the hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. Surfactant has ability to lower surface tension between two liquids. Surfactant has been used in many industries, such as cosmetics, food, textile, petroleum, and pharmacy industry. Nowdays, most of surfactant used in industries are still based on petroleum resources. The applicationsof this nonbiodegradable surfactant in industry promote environmental problem. Biosurfactant is a biodegradable surfactant that produced from microorganism or natural resources. Biosurfactant produced from microorganism contains Rhamnolipid and Lipopeptide. Surfactin and Dactomicin made from microorganism with antibacterial activity are the examples. Bottle necks of the production of biosurfactant form microorganism are their slow process, high purification cost, and high product price. Biosurfactant from natural resources are potentially produced in large scale due to their fast process and relatively cheap raw material. Metil Ester Sulphonate (MES) is one of biosurfactant produced from natural resources (from palm oil). The other example is biosurfactant from esterification of carbohydrate and carboxylic acid. This paper reviews the literatures dealing with biodegradable surfactant development which can be used as a reference of a research path way and an industrial scale production of biodegradable surfactant.

Blue dye (indigo) from Indigofera tinctoria leaves is a popular natural dye used worldwide. The lower light fastness of natural indigo dyes compared to that of synthetic blue dyes is one of the drawbacks of the former, limiting its utilization in the textile industry. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were synthesized and characterized, and their effect on the photofading of cotton fabric dyed with natural indigo was investigated. ZnO was produced by simple precipitation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis were employed to characterize the composition, shape, crystallinity, size, and surface area of the resulting NPs. The optical characteristics and bandgap energy of the ZnONPs were also determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the synthesis of ZnONPs. The ZnONPs were applied to cotton fabrics via the dip-coating method. The transmittance of cotton coated with ZnONPs was lower than that of the uncoated sample. Photofading tests with UV-A irradiation were conducted, and the fading rate of natural indigo dye in cotton showed first-order kinetics. Overall, the synthesized ZnONPs provided excellent UV protection to reduce the photofading of cotton dyed with natural indigo.

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The use of nanomaterial as a finishing agent in the textile industry continues to be developed. Nanoparticle zinc oxide (ZnONP) has anti-UV properties so that it can be used to protect the color of the fabric from fading. Constraints of using nanomaterial as a functionalization agent on fabric are the process of application and also its poor adhesion. This research aims to optimize ZnONP coating on cotton-indigo fabric so that ZnONP can be maximized adsorbed with good durability. Optimization is carried out by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method, with the independent variables are: ZnoNP Dispersion volume, the number of coating, and the method of coating (with and without sonication assisted). The response variable is the adsorbed ZnONP in fabric sample after the washing process. The number of coating and sonication-assisted coating gives significant results in increasing the number of adsorbed ZnONP.