Research on the urban informal sector in Lesotho is scarce and largely descriptive, focussing on the demographic characteristics of street traders and their enterprises. Extant research has, therefore, assumed that the politics of street trading and regulation by the state, especially the eviction of street traders from the streets, do not matter. Drawing from research on street trading in Maseru, the capital city of Lesotho, this paper departs from the mainstream assumptions underlying past research. As its point of departure, the paper argues that behind the facade of public health and urban aesthetics as reasons for the eviction of street traders lies overt exercise of state power to protect the interests of formal sector businesses and to disguise state failure to formulate inclusive and sustainable urban policies.

Land for housing in most African cities is delivered through informal or semiformal processes. However. until fairly recently, African urban research has tended to focus on compliance with formal state rules and the weaknesses of the public land management system in delivering sufficient land to meet demand. This type of analysis tends to elevate formal rules over other socially embedded rules that may facilitate access to land. It is argued in this paper that the analysis of land delivery processes has to transcend formal institutions established through state law, to the consideration of how actors that are external to the state interpret, use or challenge formal rules and the bases of their power to do so. This implies a pluralist approach to state law and nonstate legal norms. By invoking a conceptual framework derived from structuration theory. institutional analysis and societal non-compliance. the paper demonstrates that the social relations between state structures and non-state actors and the institutions that underpin informal land delivery processes in African cities are complex and capable of producing unpredictable outcomes. These outcomes might include, but are not limited to. tolerance or benign neglect, acquiescence and accommodation, false or non-compliance, interspersed with moments of open confrontation and repression, not least the relations of patronage and clientilism mediated through the political system. To illustrate and explain these complexities. the paper draws on examples from recently completed research on informal land delivery processes in frve Anglophone African cities.

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Critical research and analysis of the link between urban development, urban law and judicial decisions in the cities of Sub-Saharan Africa is limited. Drawing on lessons from Maseru, Lesotho, this paper advances a critical analysis of the link between urban law, judicial decisions and urban development. The paper suggests that Lesotho's urban land law, the Land Act of 1979 (LA 1979) has two facets. The first facet is that LA 1979 is exclusionary because in terms of access to urban housing land, it discriminates between individuals on the basis of their socioeconomic wealth and access to those who wield state power. The second facet is that LA 1979 is ostensibly empowering, as it has permitted urban residents who have acquired urban housing land through informal delivery processes to challenge state attempts to appropriate their land without compensation. The paper notes that the first facet has remained significantly unchanged since the enactment of LA 1979 in June 1980, while the second facet only emerged in 1993, when constitutional rule was reinstated after nearly 23 years of autocratic regimes. The paper concludes that the reinstatement of constitutional rule in 1993 has permitted the courts to reinterpret the rules-of-the-game in ways that have privileged the rights of ordinary urban residents over those of the state. In the process, the judiciary has established solid foundations for transparent, accountable, and participatory urban planning and governance, a culture that the planning profession in Lesotho is yet to internalise.