<p>Infeksi primer terjadi bila virion HIV dalam darah, semen, atau cairan tubuh lainnya dari seseorang masuk ke dalam sel orang lain melalui fusi yang diperantarai oleh reseptor gp120 atau gp41. Tergantung dari tempat masuknya virus, sel T CD4⁺ dan monosit di darah, atau sel T CD4⁺ dan makrofag di jaringan mukosa merupakan sel yang pertama terkena. Sel dendrit di epitel tempat masuknya virus akan menangkap virus kemudian bermigrasi ke kelenjar getah bening. Sel dendrit mengekspresikan protein yang berperan dalam pengikatan <em>envelope</em> HIV, sehingga sel dendrit berperan besar dalam penyebaran HIV ke jaringan limfoid. Di jaringan limfoid, sel dendrit dapat menularkan HIV ke sel T CD4⁺ melalui kontak langsung antar sel.</p>

<h1 align="left">ABSTRACT</h1><p><strong>Background</strong> : DM is a chronic disease that has long-term complications. Alloxan is a fast way to produce experimental diabetic (hyperglycemic) in animal experiments related to elevated LDL. Jeruju (<em>Acanthus ilicifolius</em>) is a low-growth herbaceous plant that easily grows containing secondary metabolites such as Alkaloids, Saponins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, and Phenols.</p><p><strong>Objective</strong> : To determine the effect of jeruju leaf extract on the decrease in blood levels of LDL of male Wistar rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>) induced Alloxan.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong> : This research is an experimental laboratory type with Post Test Only Control Group Design. The sample using 24 rats, which were divided into 3 groups: negative control group (K-) were given standard feed; positive control group (K +) induced alloxan 120 mg/kgBW on 1^st day; the treatment group (P) induced alloxan 120 mg/kgBW on 1^st day and was given jeruju leaf extract 67.2 mg/kgBW on 5^th-14^th day. The 15^th day a blood sample was taken to determine LDL levels.</p><p><strong>Result</strong> : The results of One-Way ANOVA test showed an insignificant mean difference (p = 0.270) in LDL level of K- (<strong> </strong>= 9.75 mg/dl) and the K+ (<strong> </strong>= 11.38 mg/dl ). Insignificant mean difference (p = 0.270) in P (<strong> </strong>= 9 mg/dl) with blood LDL levels in the K+ (<strong> </strong>= 11.38 mg/dl) and the K- (<strong> </strong>= 9, 75 mg/dl).</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong> :    Giving alloxan can increase blood levels of LDL and administration of jeruju leaf extract can reduce blood levels of LDL in experimental animals but not statistically significant.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Alloxan, LDL, <em>Acanthus ilicifolius</em>.

Cellular immune has an important role in response HIV infection, which is attack the infected cells to activate signaling molecule. Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO) worked as complementary treatment for HIV infection. The production of ROS and RNS molecules during hyperbaric exposure can affect gene expression which contributes to cellular adaptative response. This study was conducted to explore the mechanisms of cellular adaptive response to HIV infection during hyperbaric exposure. This study was carried on in vitro using healthy volunteers’ PBMCs (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells) cultures infected with HIV-1. The study was conducted as a post- test only group design. The experimental unit was PBMC from venous blood of healthy volunteers which were cultured in vitro and infected by co-culturing with HIV-1 in MT4 cell line. The experimental unit consist of treatment and control group. Each group examined the expression of transcription factor NFκB, Interferon α, reverse transcriptase inhibitors (p21), and the amount of HIV-1 p24 antigen. There were increasingly significant differences in the expression of the trancription factor of NFκB, p21, and HIV-1 p24 antigen,as well as mRNA transcription of interferon α2 between treatment and controlgroup. By decreasing p24 antigen showed that HBO exposure was able to suppress HIV-1 replication. The exposure to hyperbaric oxygen at the pressure of 2.4 ATAand 98% oxygen wasable to produce ROS and RNS molecules, which play a role in cellular adaptive responses through increasing the expression of nfĸb, p21 and mRNA of interferon α2 plays a role in inhibition mechanism of HIV-1 replication in cells.

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Background</strong>; In Indonesia, most diarrhea disease in 1995 to 2001 are caused by Shigella spp. Shigella spp infection can cause various symptom dan complication. Generally, the treatment by using antibiotic can cause antibiotic resistance. Sea cucumber (Holoturia scabra) is an herb that known, available, and easy to consume by society and has an antibacterial effect. Therefore, further research to study the effect of Holoturia Scabra on <em>Shigella Dysentriae</em> growth in vitro is needed.</p><p><strong>Objectives</strong>: The goal of this research is demonstrate the effect of sea cucumber (Holoturia scabra) to the growth of the <em>Shigella dysentriae</em> bacteria in vitro.</p><p><strong>Method</strong>: The method in this research is Posttest Only Control Group. There are 6 groups, 4 types of and 2 control groups. The concentration of the treatment group is 100%,50%, 25%, and, 12.5% while for positive control tests using chloramphenicol and aquadest as a negative control.</p><p><strong>Result</strong>: The result showed there is an influence on the intake of sand cucumber to the growth of the Shigella dysenteriae.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Sea cucumber (<em>Holoturia scabra</em>) inhibit the growth of <em>Shigella dysenteriae</em>.</p><p><strong>Key words</strong>: <em>Shigella dysenteriae</em>, sea cucumber (<em>Holoturia scabra</em>), antibacterial</p>