Background: Progress towards health-for-all must be supported by quality health facilities that are available to everyone. However, health care facilities in remote and underdeveloped areas, borderland, and outlying islands or Daerah Terpencil, Tertinggal, Perbatasan dan Kepulauan (DTPK) are facing some constraints to have access to health coverage.Aim: This study aimed to provide a comprehensive picture of the readiness of primary healthcare centers or puskesmas as the main provider of primary health services located in remote areas.Methods: Observations were taken from 18 primary healthcare centers in locations that had been identified by the government as remote and underdeveloped areas, borderland, and outlying islands in 3 provinces: Bengkulu, Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), and South Sulawesi.Results: The findings reveal that many facilities in primary healthcare centers are still insufficient. In particular, roads to primary healthcare centers are in poor physical conditions, operational hours are too short, and doctors and lab technicians are unavailable. The good news is that primary healthcare centers have managed to run many indoor and outdoor activities, such as health education classes and detection of priority diseases in the community. Regarding primary healthcare centers’ finances, they largely depend on public funding to support their increasing expenses to provide health services, pay worker salaries, and run indoor and outdoor activities.Conclusions: Overall, some constraints faced by the primary healthcare centers in DTPK include difficult access to facilities and temporary health personnel. All of this information provides valuable inputs to policymakers in building a health infrastructure and human resources for health in DTPK. Keywords: Remote area, Human resources for health, Primary healthcare center.
Set data Susenas telah mendasari banyak riset ilmiah dan kebijakan di negara kita dari tahun 1960an. Akan tetapi ada fitur-fitur Susenas yang belum dipahami benar oleh para penggunanya. Artikel ini mengangkat dua fitur yang dapat menghasilkan inferensi yang tidak akurat, bahkan tidak mendasar. Yang pertama adalah variabel pengeluaran di Susenas tidaklah mengukur pengeluaran pribadi rumah tangga, melainkan mengukur level konsumsi rumah tangga. Ini dikarenakan variabel pengeluaran di Susenas menambahkan nilai berbagai bantuan ekonomi yang diterima rumah tangga dalam pembelian barang dan jasa. Implikasinya adalah variabel pengeluaran ini yang sering lebih lanjut dipakai untuk pancaran pendapatan rumah tangga, menaksir terlalu tinggi daya beli rumah tangga berpenghasilan rendah yang mendapat banyak bantuan ekonomi, termasuk subsidi Pemerintah. Fitur Susenas kedua yang diangkat adalah adanya perubahan struktur kuesioner Susenas tahun 2015 dan selanjutnya yang dapat mengganggu analisa tren pengeluaran dari tahun ke tahun. Khususnya untuk pengeluaran kesehatan, perubahan survei ini berbarengan dengan pencapaian tahun pertama program Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) yang dimulai di tahun 2014. Evaluasi JKN menjadi lebih rumit karena peniliti harus memisahkan dampak riil JKN terhadap penggunaan servis kesehatan dari perubahan sintesis yang disebabkan oleh perubahan desain survei.
Economically disadvantaged families often cannot pay for healthcare. Since Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) was launched in 2014, the government expands subsidies for these families, identified based on consumption. However, this criterion would misclassify families with low purchasing power as economically advantaged because they have large consumption, financed through social assistance. This paper uses the income from the main job instead to determine families’ economic rank. Based on 35 percent of families with the lowest income, utilisation increases with insurance availability. Predictions using consumption as the gauge for economic rank are underestimated, up to 71 percent for inpatient services. .................................................... Masyarakat dengan status ekonomi rendah sering kali tidak mampu memenuhi kebutuhan kesehatannya. Sejak Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) diluncurkan pada tahun 2014, Pemerintah memperluas subsidi iuran bagi keluarga tidak mampu yang diidentifikasi menurut nilai konsumsi. Masalahnya, kriteria ini akan mengategorikan keluarga tidak mampu sebagai mampu karena nilai konsumsi yang besar dibiayai oleh pihak lain. Sebagai alternatif, kajian ini menggolongkan keluarga berdasarkan besaran penghasilan yang didapatkan dari pekerjaan. Untuk 35 persen keluarga berpenghasilan terendah, probabilitas utilisasi ditemukan meningkat dengan ketersediaan jaminan kesehatan. Penggunaan besaran konsumsi sebagai acuan peringkat ekonomi terlalu kecil menafsir pengaruh kepesertaan jaminan kesehatan pada utilisasi, sampai sebanyak 71 persen pada pelayanan rawat inap.
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