Procedures used for estimating the botanical composition of the range herbivore's diet include diet observation, utilization techniques, fistula sampling, and fecal analysis. Each of these procedures has important limitations. Direct observation requires minimal time and equipment inputs but accuracy and precision are a problem, particularly with wild animals. Utilization studies are generally unsuitable when plants are actively growing and more than one herbivore is using the area under study. Fistula methods are accurate but are difficult to use with wild animals. In addition they are costly and require considerable time. The esophageal

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