Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) is an alternative crop during the summer in Sinaloa, a northern state of Mexico. During the last 4 years, symptoms of yellowing, curled leaves, and stunting have been observed on soybean plantings, and a scrutiny of field samples collected in 2003 identified a begomovirus related to Pepper golden mosaic virus in symptomatic plants (4). A new survey was conducted during the summer of 2004 when the soybean disease was prevalent in the region. Affected plants appeared as patches displaying symptoms ranging from mild to severe yellow mosaic with leaf deformation and stunted growth in several parcels of commercial fields of northern Sinaloa. More than 100 samples from symptomatic soybean plants and weeds growing within the same fields were collected and analyzed for the presence of begomoviruses using DNA hybridization with the coat protein gene of Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus as a probe. Thirty-eight soybean, 12 Rhynchosia sp., and 14 sunflower hybridization-positive samples were subsequently used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with the degenerate primers pRep-DGR and pCP70-Mot (1). PCR products were cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, Madison, WI) and sequenced. The amplified viral DNA (915 nt) from two soybean plants, Sb1 and Sb2 (GenBank Accession Nos. AY955101 and AY957561, respectively), one isolate from Rhynchosia minima (GenBank Accession No. AY955102), and one from Heliantus annum (GenBank Accession No. AY957560) were sequenced and compared with DNA sequences available at NCBI database using BLAST. The highest sequence similarity was obtained with the two known isolates of Rhynchosia golden mosaic virus, RhGMV [Honduras] (GenBank Accession No. AF239671), and RhGMV [Chiapas] (GenBank Accession No. AF408199), displaying a nucleotide identity of approximately 89% with the Sinaloa isolates. Sequence comparisons of the latter isolates showed that viruses in the weeds were 97% identical to one of the soybean isolates, RhGMV-Sb1, but differed significantly (88% of nucleotide identity) from the second soybean isolate, RhGMV-Sb2. The complete genome A sequence of RhGMV-Sb1 was determined using PCR amplification of viral DNA with four degenerate primers recently described (2), cloning of overlapping PCR products into pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega) and sequencing. The 2,604-bp DNA-A of RhGMV-Sb1 (GenBank Accession No. DQ347950) was compared with the homologous genome of RhGMV [Chiapas] and RhGMV [Honduras] using the CLUSTAL alignment method (MegAlign, DNASTAR software, London) and an overall nucleotide identity of 89.2 and 88.6%, respectively, was determined. Current taxonomic criteria for begomoviruses establish that a DNA-A sequence identity lower than 93% with other isolates of a virus is indicative of a separate strain (3). Therefore, the virus identified in this study is a new strain of RhGMV that is provisionally named Rhynchosia golden mosaic virus-Soybean [Mexico:Sinaloa:2004]. This is the first soybean-infecting begomovirus from the American continent whose genome A has been completely characterized as of today. References: (1) J. T. Ascencio-Ibañez et al. Plant Dis. 86:692, 2002. (2) R. De La Torre-Almaraz et al. Plant Dis. 90:378, 2006. (3) C. Fauquet et al. Arch. Virol. 150:2151, 2005. (4) J. Mendez-Lozano et al. Plant Dis. 90:109, 2006.

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El Valle del Carrizo está ubicado en el Municipio de Ahome, Sinaloa, México. Actualmente el 90% de la actividad económica del Valle es del sector agrícola. Cada ciclo agrícola aumenta el costo de producción, uno de los principales factores es el costo del combustible (diésel), por lo que una alternativa es el uso de mezclas de diésel fósil con biodiesel, un biocombustible que se obtiene a partir del reciclaje de aceites vegetales usados, en otros países de América y Europa está muy generalizado el uso de diésel fósil mezclado con biodiesel, pero en México aún no hay reglamentos que lo promuevan. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la perspectiva del uso de biodiésel de los productores agrícolas en la comunidad de El Carrizo, Ahome, Sinaloa, para lo cual se realizó una entrevista-encuesta a los agricultores registrados con permiso de siembra ante Sanidad Vegetal, encontrando que la mayoría a escuchado sobre este biocombustible, pero tiene desconfianza en usarlo en su maquinaria por temor a que pueda dañarla. Se observó que el único interés que tienen los agricultores en el cambio de diésel a biodiesel es por obtener combustible mucho más barato; muy pocos están interesados en cuidar el medio ambiente, disminuyendo las emisiones de CO2 y reducir la contaminación de suelos y agua.

El presente estudio consistió en elaborar el bocashi y evaluar su efecto en la germinación y desarrollo del rábano. Las mezclas de bocashi utilizadas fueron: aserrín-mangoplátano (BA), mango (BM) y tradicional (BT). Para la caracterización fisicoquímica se tomó 1 kg de cada bocashi. Para evaluar emergencia en semillas de rábano, se realizó ensayo en charolas de poliestireno con mezcla bocashi – peat moss (1:1 v/v), por triplicado. El Testigo fue suelo agrícola (A). Para evaluar el efecto en la calidad de planta, las plantas fueron trasplantadas a mesas organopónicas de madera, con mezcla bocashi – peat moss (1:1 v/v). El riego fue diario por un mes. A los 30 días del trasplante, se midió: la altura de la planta (cm), el número de hojas y la masa seca de la raíz (g). El tratamiento A promovió la mayor germinación en las semillas de rábano; en cuanto al desarrollo de la planta, el tratamiento A estimuló la altura y número de hojas en las plantas de rábano; sin embargo, el tratamiento BT favoreció la mayor acumulación de biomasa seca. Las plantas de rábano fertilizadas con bocashi presentaron mejor desarrollo que las germinadas en suelo agrícola.ABSTRACTThe present study consisted in the elaboration of a bocashi and the evaluation of its effects on germination and development of radish. The mixtures of bocashi were: saw dust-mangoose-banana (BA), mangoose (BM) and traditional (BT). For physicochemical characterization, 1 kg of each bocashi was taken. To evaluate emergence of radish seeds, an essay was realized in polystyrene trays with a mixture of bocashi – peat moss (1:1 v/v), in triplicate. The reference was agricultural soil (A). To evaluate the effect on plant quality, plants were transplanted to wooden organoponic tables, with a mixture of bocashi – peat moss (1:1 v/v). The irrigation was daily for a month. After thirty days of transplant, we measured: plant height (cm), number of leaves and root dry biomass (g). Treatment A promoted the higher germination of radish seeds; as to the plant development, treatment A stimulated the height and leaves number of radish plant; but nevertheless, treatment BT favored the greater accumulation of dry biomass. The radish plants fertilized with bocashi showed better development than those germinated in agricultural soil.