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<p>This article is a preliminary study that explores past events of the Dutch East Indies colonial government, specifically describing criminal cases of hate speech or haatzaai depicted in newspaper news between 1879 and 1942. The Dutch East Indies colonial government controlled freedom of thought, expression, and politics of the native population by using the legal instruments Wetboek van Strafrecht voor Nederlandsch Indie, especially articles 154, 155, 156, and 157. These four articles are known as haatzaai artikelen. This regulation was published and enforced in the Dutch East Indies in 1918. This article uses twenty-eight newspaper news articles published in ten cities on the islands of Java and Sumatra as the primary sources. This is research that uses historical methods by gathering primary<br />and secondary sources in the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia (Jakarta), the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia (Jakarta), and the Constitutional Institution voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (KITLV) (Jakarta). This article concludes that based on the news articles found, haatzaai artikelen, as a repressive legal product, is not only used<br />by the colonial government to control people’s behavior but also used by fellow members of the community of East Indies to quarrel with each other in many cases of hatred, incitement, and defamation.</p>

The legitimacy of a country's foreign policy is often determined by how the media report on the country's political activity outside that country. The country's involvement in a conflict or war and the reason for engaging needs to be communicated to the public globally with a mediaframing strategically. This article aims to explore the framing of the Russian military's involvement in the Syrian civil war by the online media outlet Sputnik. The researchers employed a qualitative content analysis method on 238 articles published by Sputnik between February and September 2016. During this period Russia and the United States, as two external powers involved in the Syrian civil war, agreed on a ceasefire. This development represented a strategic moment for Russia to communicate the activities of its military in Syria by using a framing strategy in Sputnik. This research revealed that Sputnik actively used framing to legitimize the Russian military's involvement in the Syrian civil war. Specifically, the media outlet used the frames of responsibility, morality, and conflict to attract public attention and to shape their perspectives about the Russian military's involvement in the Syrian civil war as necessary and positive. The findings indicate that, at Sputnik, framing constituted an attempt to form a positive image of Russia as a strong state to the international world through news related to the involvement of the Russian military in Syria's civil war.

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