We observed some differences in the types of bacteria in the tonsillar core between the recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy groups. Our study indicates that essential bacteria have been changing and, thus, we need to change our choice of antibiotics.

Polymorphisms of DNA repair genes, X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) might contribute to individual susceptibility to different types of cancers. We analyzed the relationship between XRCC1 polymorphisms and the risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma in a Korean sample. A hospital-based case-control study was performed in 111 papillary thyroid carcinoma patients and 100 normal control subjects. XRCC1 Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The XRCC1 Arg194Trp Arg/Trp genotype was significantly associated with a decreased risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma compared to that of Arg/Arg genotype (odds ratio [95% confidence intervals]; 0.550 [0.308-0.983]). There was no significant association between XRCC1 Arg399Gln genotypes and risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Based on these results, the XRCC1 Arg194Trp Arg/Trp genotype could be used as a useful molecular biomarker to predict genetic susceptibility for papillary thyroid carcinoma in Koreans.

Background and Objectives：Septoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery are common intranasal operations. Infectious complications of nasal packing after rhinologic surgeries have been reported. In this study, we compared the preoperative bacterial distribution of nasal cavity to the postoperative bacterial distribution cultured from nasal packings and investigated if the bacteremia during the operations were developed. Materials and Methods： This study included 30 septoplasty and 30 endoscopic sinus surgery patients. Nasal culture was taken preoperatively. And then postoperative culture from the nasal packing was done. Blood cultures were obtained before mucosal incision during operation, at the postoperative 2nd day (maintaining nasal packing), 3rd day (after removal of nasal packing). Results：Significant bacterial growth was detected from preoperative nasal culture in 40.0% of septoplasty group and 70.0% of endoscopic sinus surgery group, each. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 13.3% of septoplasty group, 23.3% of endoscopic sinus surgery group. The detection ratio of bacteria was higher in endoscopic sinus surgery group. In the result of postoperative culture from nasal packings, bacterial growth ratio was 36.7% in septoplasty, 50.0% in endoscopic sinus surgery group. In case of Staphylococcus aureus, 10.0% and 20.0%, each. Bacterial growth from blood cultures detected in only 2 cases of septoplasty group. But bacteria were detected in different two patients. It is supposed to be contaminated. No bacterial growth was detected in endoscopic sinus surgery group. Conclusion：It is supposed that postoperative intravenous antibiotics prevent bacterial growth of nasal packing and bacteremia.