Encapsulation of
charged proteins into complex coacervate core
micelles (C3Ms) can be accomplished by mixing them with oppositely
charged diblock copolymers. However, these micelles tend to disintegrate
at high ionic strength. Previous research showed that the addition
of a homopolymer with the same charge sign as the protein improved
the stability of protein-containing C3Ms. In this research, we used
fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and dynamic light scattering
(DLS) to study how the addition of the homopolymer affects the encapsulation
efficiency and salt stability of the micelles. We studied the encapsulation
of laccase spore coat protein A (CotA), a multicopper oxidase, using
a strong cationic-neutral diblock copolymer, poly(
N
-methyl-2-vinyl-pyridinium iodide)-
block
-poly(ethylene
oxide) (PM2VP
128
-
b
-PEO
477
),
and a negatively charged homopolymer, poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS
215
). DLS indeed showed an improved stability of this three-component
C3M system against the addition of salt compared to a two-component
system. Remarkably, FCS showed that the release of CotA from a three-component
C3M system occurred at a lower salt concentration and over a narrower
concentration range than the dissociation of C3Ms. In conclusion,
although the addition of the homopolymer to the system leads to micelles
with a higher salt stability, CotA is excluded from the C3Ms already
at lower ionic strengths because the homopolymer acts as a competitor
of the enzyme for encapsulation.
The stability of complex coacervate core micelles (C3Ms) against salt and pH changes is improved by chemical crosslinking of the micelle core. Depending on the crosslinking agent, the resulting covalent network is reversible or irreversible.
Encapsulation of
proteins can have advantages for their protection,
stability, and delivery purposes. One of the options to encapsulate
proteins is to incorporate them in complex coacervate core micelles
(C3Ms). This can easily be achieved by mixing aqueous solutions of
the protein and an oppositely charged neutral-hydrophilic diblock
copolymer. However, protein-containing C3Ms often suffer from salt-inducible
disintegration due to the low charge density of proteins. The aim
of this study is to improve the salt stability of protein-containing
C3Ms by increasing the net charge of the protein by tagging it with
a charged polypeptide. As a model protein, we used CotA laccase and
generated variants with 10, 20, 30, and 40 glutamic acids attached
at the C-terminus of CotA using genetic engineering. Micelles were
obtained by mixing the five CotA variants with poly(
N
-methyl-2-vinyl-pyridinium)-
block
-poly(ethylene
oxide) (PM2VP
128
-
b
-PEO
477
)
at pH 10.8. Hydrodynamic radii of the micelles of approximately 31,
27, and 23 nm for native CotA, CotA-E20, and CotA-E40, respectively,
were determined using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence
correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The encapsulation efficiency was not
affected using enzymes with a polyglutamic acid tail but resulted
in more micelles with a smaller number of enzyme molecules per micelle.
Furthermore, it was shown that the addition of a polyglutamic acid
tail to CotA indeed resulted in improved salt stability of enzyme-containing
C3Ms. Interestingly, the polyglutamic acid CotA variants showed an
enhanced enzyme activity. This study demonstrates that increasing
the net charge of enzymes through genetic engineering is a promising
strategy to improve the practical applicability of C3Ms as enzyme
delivery systems.
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