OBJECTIVETo determine the frequency of different risk factors leading to Acute Respiratory Infections among children under two yearsTo determine the most susceptible age group and to compare frequency of disease in both gendersMETHODOLOGYStudy design was cross sectional observational. Duration of the study was three months (September – November 2014. Study was conducted in two tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar namely Khyber Teaching hospital & Hayatabad Medical Complex. A total of 200 children under 2 years of age who were attending outpatient department of two tertiary hospitals of Peshawar were studied. After getting consent from parents of children, data was collected from parents. A semi structured questionnaire was used as study tool. Pilot study was conducted prior to the actual study to check the feasibility of questionnaire. Children with acute respiratory tract infections were included in the study while immune compromised and children with other serious systemic diseases were excluded from the study Data was presented in the form of tables and graphs.RESULTSFrequency of acute respiratory infections was common among males (65%) as compare to female children under two year of age. The most susceptible age group was found to be less than 06 months (46%), then is 7-12 months (33%). Environmental risk factors found to be involved in cases of ARI were poverty (73.5%), rural residency with poor cross ventilation in houses (poor or no cross ventilation 66%), no or partial immunization was 35% with malnutrition of sick children 76% may contribute to development of illness more quickly than other children. Illiteracy among mothers (78%) and 39% among fathersCONCLUSIONSARI is more common in infants less than 6 months of age and males are more affected as compared to female children. Poor socioeconomic status, Illiteracy, poor or no cross ventilation in houses, poor immunization status and malnutrition are the key risk factors.

OBJECTIVE:To determine the frequency of diarrhea and its risk factors among children under-five years of age.METHODOLOGY:Study design was descriptive observational. Duration of the study was three months (Jan – March 2014). Study was conducted in three tertiary hospitals of Peshawar namely Lady reading hospital, Khyber teaching hospital & Hayatabad Medical Complex.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Sample size for this study was calculated based on diarrhea prevalence of 21% in Peshawar by using WHO sample size calculator. A total of 450 children under 5 years of age who were attending outpatient department of three tertiary hospitals of Peshawar were studied. After getting consent from parents of children, data was collected from parents. A semi structured questionnaire was used as study tool. Data was presented in the form of tables and graphs.RESULTS:Frequency of diarrhea was found to be 59% among those 450 children who attended pediatric OPD. Most susceptible age group was less than 2 years (88%). Common risk factors found to be involved in cases of diarrhea were illiteracy of mothers 77%, poverty 86.4% parents were having household income less than 20,000 PKR per month, bottle feeding 34%, improper hygiene (83% either don’t wash or occasionally wash hands before feed, 52.3% mothers wash their hands with plain water after attending toilet), Joint families 58%, lack of proper immunization 54%, lack of clean drinking water 66%.CONCLUSIONS:Diarrhea is more common in younger children i.e.; less than 2 years of age. Illiteracy, low household income, bottle feeding, hand washing especially after attending toilet, joint family system and poor immunization status are the key risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: To find out the pattern of glomerulopathies in paediatric population, undergoing renalbiopsy at Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar.METHODS: This was a prospective study carried out at the department of Nephrology at Khyber TeachingHospital, Peshawar from June 2010 till June 2012. Ultrasound guided percutaneous renal biopsies werecarried out in patients with the finding of; 1 ) Nephrotic range proteinuria in children. 2) Non-Nephroticrange proteinuria with evidence of hypertension / haematuria / deranged renal function or active sedimentson urine microscopy. 3) Steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (patients not responding to steroidin eight weeks time) and 4) Children with nephrotic syndrome who were not tolerant of steroid therapy orwere considered for immunosuppressive drugs.RESULT: A total of 155 renal biopsies were done. Out of these 90 were male patients and 65 were females.The most common histopathological lesion among children population was minimal change disease(42.66%) followed by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (25.33%) and membranous GN (16.0%). Weobserved that nephrotic range proteinuria was most prevalent in minimal change disease and membranousGN followed by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. While non-nephrotic range proteinuria was mostlyseen in patients with membranoprolifirative GN.CONCLUSION: In paediatric population, minimal change disease is the most common encounteredglomerulopathy, followed by focal segmental glomerulosclerosisand membranous GN.KEY WORDS: Nephrotic syndrome, Renal biopsy, Proteinuria, Glomerulopathy

SThe effects of smoking on human health are serious and in many cases, deadly. There are approximately 4000 chemicals in cigarettes, hundreds of which are toxic. The ingredients in cigarettes affect everything from the internal functioning of organs to the efficiency of the body’s immune system; the effects of cigarette smoking are destructive and widespread. All forms of tobacco including cigars, smokeless tobacco, and huka pose dental health concernsOBJECTIVES:To Assess the knowledge/awareness, attitude and practices (KAP) of people about adverse effects of smoking on their health particularly oro-dental healthMETHODOLOGY:The study was conducted in two teaching hospital of Peshawar i.e. KCD (Khyber college of dentistry and SBDC (Sardar begum dental college).it was a cross sectional descriptive study carried out over400 patients who attended the OPD of these hospitals for some reasons. Approval of the study was taken from the ethical committees of both the hospitals. Non probability sampling technique was adopted for the study. All relevant information about the study was gathered with the help of semi structured questionnaire. Purpose of the study was explained to the patients. The study was conducted from May 2016 to November 2016. Patients with systemic diseases that could affect oro-dental health were excluded from the study. Data was presented in the form of tables and graphs.RESULTS:According to their dentist 52% of study patients had adverse oral hygiene. About 74.5% smokers were aware of adverse effects of smoking. 55% of the people who smoke cigarette are 21-30 years of age. 26.5% people smoked 1-3 times a day. . In a significant number of patients 41% people started smoking because of peer pressure. Mass media had a significant role in developing this habit. About 74.5% are aware of adverse effects of smoking and they consider that it causes bad effects on respiratory system and oral hygiene. Most of the smokers use tooth paste to get rid of bad breath. About 59% people visited dentist only when some oro-dental problem arises. According to dentist 39.5% of smokers have adverse oral health status.CONCLUSION:Despite of knowledge of adverse effects of smoking and complaining of bad breath and other conditions related to oro-dental hygiene, majority of them were engaged in regular smoking and they are still satisfied from their oral health ,

Objectives:To determine different risk factors associated with ischemic heart diseases in different age group patients of tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar.Methodology:A cross sectional study conducted on 350 patients of different age groups presented with ischemic heart diseases in tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar. Study was conducted for duration of 3 months from December 2013 to February 2014. Non probability convenient sampling technique was used. Sample size was calculated using standard sample size calculator. Semi structured questionnaire was used as data collection tool. Patient’s record and investigations were used as adding tools. Standard definition was made for ischemic heart disease. Different modifiable and non-modifiable factors were assessed and were analyzed using SPSS version 16.Results:This study contains 350 patients in which female patients were 133(38%) and male were 217(62%).The mean age was 57.23±11.36 years. The age of the patients ranges from 22 to 80 years. The frequencies of risk factors were stress (73.1%) followed by hypertension (65.7%), sedentary life style (59.4%), family history (57.1%), smoking (50.6%), over weight and obese (39.1%), below normal HDL (30.3%), high LDL (29.1%), hypertriglyceridemia (28%), hypercholesterolemia (23.7%). 64.3% patients were presenting with acute IHD and 35.7% were with chronic IHD. Stress, HTN, DM and sedentary life style were found to be significantly associated with male gender (p- value <0.05). Age was divided into two groups, <45 years and >45 years. Stress, HTN, DM and hypercholesterolemia had a significant association with >45 years of age group. (P-value <0.05).Conclusion:Stress, HTN, DM, sedentary life styles were the major risk factors. And they were found to be more in male gender and in equal to more than 45 years of age group.