Introduction: The aim of the study was to report the implementation of a functional network for the early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with risk factors and the coordinated work between primary and specialized care in social security in Perú. Material and methods: A cross-sectional analysis of the data of patients evaluated in a health network in the city of Lima (2013 to 2016), older than 18 years, with risk factors for CKD, evaluated with serum creatinine and creatine albumin ratio in random urine (ACR). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors associated with the finding of CKD. Results: The implementation included training in renal health, installation of a digital database, organization of laboratories, and empowerment of primary care. We evaluated 42,746 patients of which 41.8% were men, with median age 69.2 years. The most frequent cause of detection was hypertension (HBP): 23,921 (55.9%). The prevalence of CKD was 12,132 (28.4%), the most frequent stage of CKD was 3a: 4735 (39.0%). Of the total, 6214 (14.5%) patients had microalbuminuria and 1335 (3.1%), macroalbuminuria. The risk of CKD increased 2.5 times (95% CI: 2.3-2.7) in patients with diabetes (DM) and HBP, in men (OR 1.2, 95% CI: 1.2-1.3) and as age increased (> 77 years: OR 2.7, 95% CI: 2.5-2.8). The identification of the disease in the primary care setting is 60% less likely than in specialized care. Conclusions: One of every four patients are diagnosed with CKD, and the simultaneous diagnosis of DM and HBP and old age are the most important factors.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of adherence to a multidisciplinary renal health program in reducing mortality and progression to hemodialysis. METHODS: We used a database that included patient monitoring (2013-2017), dialysis admissions and all cause of mortality in Peru. Adherence to the program was established by meeting minimum visits during the first year of monitoring. The outcome of interest was hemodialysis admissions or all cause-mortality. Kaplan-Meier curves, Log-Rank test and competing survival analysis methods were used to estimate the differential risk between adherent and non-adherent patients. RESULTS: A total of 20,354 participants was evaluated; 54.1% were male, 72.1 years old in average, 2.2 years average follow-up, and 15,279 (75.1%) belonged to the early stages (1 to 3a) of Chronic Kidney Disease. Adherence decreased the risk of renal replacement therapy in 41.0% (HR = 0.59, 95%CI 0.41–0.85) in the low-risk group and mortality in the high-risk group was 31.0% (HR = 0.69, 95%CI 0.57–0.83). CONCLUSIONS: The multidisciplinary care strategy with standardized assessments by stage is effective in reducing admission to .0when the patient is identified in early stages and in reducing mortality in advanced stages.
Objetivos. Describir las características de la población con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) estadio 3 y 4, determinar los factores asociados a progresión de ERC y a ingreso a terapia de reemplazo renal (TRR), así como la sobrevida renal. Materiales y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo longitudinal de pacientes remitidos entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2015 a la Unidad de Salud Renal del Hospital Nacional de Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM), quienes fueron evaluados y seguidos por un equipo multidisciplinario. Los datos clínicos y de laboratorio de cada consulta se registraron en un software creado específicamente para el programa. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multivariado para evaluar los factores asociados con la progresión de la ERC, un modelo de regresión de Cox para predecir el riesgo de ingresar al TRR y el método de Kaplan-Meier para el análisis de supervivencia renal. Resultados. Se evaluó a 1248 pacientes en estadio 3A: 248 (20%), estadio 3b: 548 (44%) y estadio 4: 452 (36%). 352 (28%) progresaron, siendo la proteinuria el factor de progresión más importante (OR: 3,2; IC95%: 2,2-4,6). La proteinuria incrementa el riesgo de ingreso a la TRR en cuatro veces y el tener una tasa de filtración glomerular <30% en 3,6 veces. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 12 meses (RIC 5-27 meses). 92 pacientes (7%) requirieron iniciar TRR. La supervivencia renal a los 12 meses de seguimiento fue del 96% y a los 24 meses de 90%. Conclusiones. Nuestro estudio muestra que en un centro especializado una proporción significativa de pacientes con ERC no progresa en su enfermedad y que el factor que más se asocia a progresión de enfermedad y a inicio de TRR es la proteinuria.Palabras clave: Enfermedad renal crónica; Supervivencia, Progresión de la enfermedad; Perú (fuente: DeCS BIREME). PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE IN A REFERENCE HOSPITAL OF SOCIAL SECURITY OF PERU 2012-2015 ABSTRACTObjectives. To describe the characteristics of the population with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3 and 4, to determine the factors associated with CKD progression and admission to renal replacement therapy (RRT), as well as renal survival. Materials and methods. Longitudinal retrospective study of patients referred between January 2012 and December 2015 to the Renal Health Unit of the Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM), who were evaluated and followed by a multidisciplinary team. The clinical and laboratory data for each query were recorded in a software created specifically for the program. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the factors associated with the progression of CKD, a Cox regression model to predict the risk of entering RRT and the Kaplan-Meier method for renal survival analysis. Results. We assessed 1248 patients in stage 3A: 248 (20%), stage 3B: 548 (44%) and stage 4: 452 (36%). 352 (28%) progressed, being proteinuria the most important progression factor (OR: 3.2; CI 95%: 2,2-4.6). Proteinuria increases the risk of admission to RRT in four times and having a ...
Objectives: To externally validate the 4-variable Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) in the Peruvian population for predicting kidney failure at 2 and 5 years. Design: A retrospective cohort study. Setting: 17 primary care centers from the Health's Social Security of Peru. Participants: Patients older than 18 years, diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3a-3b-4 and 3b-4, between January 2013 and December 2017. Patients were followed until they developed kidney failure, died, were lost, or ended the study (December 31, 2019), whichever came first. Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: Performance of the KFRE model was assessed based on discrimination and calibration measures considering the competing risk of death. Results: We included 7519 patients in stages 3a-4 and 2,798 patients in stages 3b-4. The estimated cumulative incidence of kidney failure, accounting for competing event of death, at two years and five years was 1.52% and 3.37% in stages 3a-4 and 3.15% and 6.86% in stages 3b-4. KFRE discrimination at 2 and 5 years was high, with Time-Dependent Area Under the Curve (AUC-td) and C-index > 0.8 for all populations. Regarding calibration in-the-large, the Observed-to-Expected (O/E) ratio and the calibration intercept indicated that KFRE underestimates the overall risk at two years and overestimates it at 5-years in all populations. Conclusions: The 4-variable KFRE models have good discrimination but poor calibration in the Peruvian population. The model underestimates the risk of kidney failure in the short term and overestimates it in the long term. Further research should focus on updating or recalibrating the KFRE model to better predict kidney failure in the Peruvian context before recommending its use in clinical practice.
Sr. Editor. Nos alegra el interés que ha despertado nuestra publicación previa, pues nos permite discutir el problema y hacer las siguientes precisiones:La progresión y la evolución de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es muy variable entre los sujetos que la padecen. Cuando no se dispone de evidencias suficientes para definir e identificar a aquellos que tendrán una progresión rápida, se recomienda evaluar simultánea y sistemáticamente la tasa de filtración glomerular estimada (TFGe) y la albuminuria (1) . La Guía de la Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes: KDIGO, define la progresión de la ERC como un descenso sostenido del filtrado glomerular (FG) > 5 mL/min/1,73 m 2 al año o por el cambio de categoría, siempre que este se acompañe de una pérdida de FG ≥ 5 mL/min/1,73 m 2 (2) . El grado de precisión con que la progresión es capaz de ser estimado, depende, en gran medida, de dos factores: número de mediciones de creatinina sérica utilizadas para definir la progresión y la duración del seguimiento.En nuestro estudio, la mediana de seguimiento fue 12,4 meses (Rango Intercuartilico: 5,1-27,2) y la forma de calcular la progresión fue mediante la diferencia entre dos valores de TFGe, dividido entre el tiempo de seguimiento individual. Ciertamente, los pacientes que progresaron perdieron 11,3 mL/min/año, y pueden ser considerados progresores rápidos, a pesar de que entre los evaluados no hubo ningún paciente con diabetes tipo 1, por tanto, un sesgo puede ser el hecho de haber tomado solo dos puntos de corte.Sobre el tipo de población, efectivamente, el mayor grupo corresponde a hipertensos con 1026 (82,2%); de ellos, 280 (27,3%) progresaron en su enfermedad renal, y el 13,6% de estos presentó proteinuria >1,5 g/d; sin embargo, fueron los pacientes con diabetes mellitus y glomerulopatía crónica los que presentaron con más frecuencia esta característica, aunque el número total de casos de pacientes con esta etiología fue mucho menor (Tabla 1).Al respecto, es cierto que ante un paciente hipertenso de larga evolución se considera clásicamente la presencia de proteinuria inferior a 1 g/d y una lenta progresión de la insuficiencia renal, y se asume que, probablemente, se trate de una nefroangioesclerosis hipertensiva (NH), sin realizar una biopsia renal. Sin embargo, existen reportes como el de Martin Alemany et al.(3) donde se comparan las características clínicas y evolutivas de pacientes afectados de NH con proteinuria en rango nefrótico, con otras enfermedades glomerulares, encontrando que estos pacientes eran de mayor edad, mayor tiempo de evolución, recibían varios fármacos hipotensores, presentaban albumina normal y ausencia de edemas, y una TFG menor al momento de la biopsia renal (32 mL/min/1,73 m 2 ).Por tanto, no puede considerarse excepcional y, de hecho, corresponde al 5% de las biopsias renales reportadas, los pacientes en quienes se asocia NH y proteinuria >1 g/día asociándose a un pobre pronóstico renal (4,5) . Finalmente, respecto a los pacientes que podrían desarrollar insuficiencia renal aguda, en l...
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