This study aimed to examine the association between meeting 24-h movement guidelines and cardiometabolic health in Chilean adults. We used cross-sectional data of 2618 adults from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016–2017. Meeting the 24-h movement guidelines was defined as ≥ 600 MET-min/week of physical activity; ≤ 8 h/day of sitting time; and 7 to 9 h/day of sleep duration. Cardiometabolic health indicators were body mass index, waist circumference, high triglycerides, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and risk of cardiovascular disease in a 10-year period. Meeting none out of three 24-h movement guidelines (vs all three) was associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity (OR 1.67; 95%CI 1.45 to 1.89), high waist circumference (1.65; 1.40 to 1.90), hypertension (2.88; 2.23 to 3.53), type 2 diabetes (1.60; 1.26 to 1.94), metabolic syndrome (1.97; 1.54 to 2.40) and risk of cardiovascular disease (1.50; 1.20, 1.80). Meeting one guideline (vs three) was associated with higher odds of five of out seven cardiometabolic indicators. Our study found that the composition of movement behaviors within a 24-h period may have important implications for cardiometabolic health.

Eggs are the main product generated from backyard poultry production systems (BPS) because they can quickly be consumed and sold to meet essential family needs. Nevertheless, antimicrobial residues can accumulate in this product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of antimicrobial residues in eggs produced by poultry kept in BPS in central Chile. To assess this, eggs were obtained from 83 BPS and analysed to evaluate the presence of antibiotic residues (families: tetracyclines, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and macrolides), using a Four-Plate Test screening method for the detection, based on a bacterial growth inhibition method. Results show a lack of biosecurity procedures at BPS level, making these systems susceptible to the dissemination of antimicrobial residues. These include intensive animal production units in the proximity, and the presence of shared watercourses with other farms. Furthermore, 66% of the surveyed owners are indicated as giving pharmacological treatments to their chickens. Eggs from 61 BPS were positive for at least one antimicrobial. Fifty-three BPS were positive for more than one antimicrobial, and one BPS was positive for all four antimicrobials tested. Consequently, there is a risk that poultry eggs produced in BPS in central Chile carry residues of different families of antimicrobials.

A suitable analytical method is required to study the behaviour of florfenicol (FF) and its metabolite florfenicol amine (FFA) in broiler's feathers. An LC-MS/MS method was developed, assessed and intra-laboratory-validated for FF and FFA analyses. We chose cloramphenicol-d as an internal standard, acetone as a solvent for the extraction of the analytes and dichloromethane for the clean-up. Through LC-MS/MS analysis, we established a detection limit of 20 μg kg, as well as calculated quantification limits of 24.4 and 24.5 μg kg for FF and FFA, respectively. Validation parameters such as linearity, recovery and precision were calculated following Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. For linearity, all standard curves showed a standard coefficient greater than 0.99. Recoveries ranged from 99% to 102% for all studied concentrations. The results show that this analytical method is precise and reliable. For the depletion study, 64 Ross 308 broilers were treated with a therapeutic dosage of 10% FF during 5 consecutive days and their feathers were then analysed. Samples were drawn on days 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 post-treatments. As for the control group, 16 broiler chickens were raised under the same regime. Throughout the whole study, the detected concentrations of FF and FFA in feather samples were above 100 µg kg. In fact, even on day 30 post-treatment we detected concentrations of 221.8 and 28.8 µg kg for FF and FFA, respectively. Based on these results, we conclude that these analytes will persist for a long time and will deplete slowly in feathers of treated broiler chickens.

We estimated the proportion and number of deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCD) attributable to high body mass index (BMI) in Chile in 2018. We used data from 5927 adults from a 2016–2017 Chilean National Health Survey to describe the distribution of BMI. We obtained the number of deaths from NCD from the Ministry of Health. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals per 5 units higher BMI for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory disease were retrieved from the Global BMI Mortality Collaboration meta-analyses. The prevalences of overweight and obesity were 38.9% and 39.1%, respectively. We estimated that reducing population-wide BMI to a theoretical minimum risk exposure level (mean BMI: 22.0 kg/m2; standard deviation: 1) could prevent approximately 21,977 deaths per year (95%CI 13,981–29,928). These deaths represented about 31.6% of major NCD deaths (20.1–43.1) and 20.4% of all deaths (12.9–27.7) that occurred in 2018. Most of these preventable deaths were from cardiovascular diseases (11,474 deaths; 95% CI 7302–15,621), followed by cancer (5597 deaths; 95% CI 3560–7622) and respiratory disease (4906 deaths; 95% CI 3119–6684). A substantial burden of NCD deaths was attributable to high BMI in Chile. Policies and population-wide interventions are needed to reduce the burden of NCD due to high BMI in Chile.