TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractOver the past several years much interest has been generated in the industry of late in the development of ductile cements, exhibiting high values of tensile and flexural strength. There has been a great deal of field information suggesting that hydraulic isolation from cement is not what it should be or is believed to be. In other words many cement jobs are failing. Conventional cement systems used in oil wells exhibit high compressive strengths, yet are limited in tensile and flexural strength development. Recent field experience and research has shown that in the majority of cases, the mechanism of cement sheath failure is radial tensile cracking, causing a loss of hydraulic isolation.
The stimulation history in offshore Brazil is undergoing into a deep transformation. The requirements of technology, before focused on sandstone reservoirs demand, are being expanded by the need for techniques to stimulate carbonate reservoirs, specially the pre-salt carbonates. In this scenario, a self-diverting acid system based on a viscoelastic surfactant (VES) technology was introduced for carbonate reservoir stimulation. The Self-Diverting VES (SD-VES) promotes viscosity development when the acid comes in contact with the carbonate formation. The mechanism of viscosity development is simple: In concentrated acid, the system presents low viscosity, which results in friction reduction while pumping; however, when the fluid reacts with the formation and the acid concentration decreases, the micelle spherical structures combine, transforming into rod-like micelles that convert to a 3-D structure, which increases the fluid viscosity. The high viscosity generates a temporary barrier across the high-injectivity zones, diverting the subsequent fluid to treat other reservoir zones. Generally the SD-VES is associated with several placement techniques that aid in achieving good treatment distribution through the entire producer interval. Regardless of the placement technique applied, the SD-VES is generally used as the main acid fluid and is bullheaded into the well. Because of its rheological behavior, the SD-VES is pumped as a single fluid during bullheading, aiming to achieve formation stimulation and good treatment distribution throuth the entire productive interval. Since the SD-VES was introduced in 2009 to treat carbonate reservoirs in offshore Brazil, more than 40 wells have been treated using the system in the various acid placement techniques presented in this paper. Three case histories are presented to better illustrate the different scenarios where the SD-VES was applied.
fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThis paper presents a brief review of the available techniques in the oil and gas industry to complete and stimulate horizontal wells, with emphasis on low permeability carbonates. These techniques can also be applied in non-conventional reservoirs, particularly in tight formations. The paper starts by reviewing the lessons learned in some chalk fields in the North Sea (Dan, Halfdan, South Arne, Valhall and Eldfisk) and in a few pilot projects offshore Brazil (Congro and Enchova). Based on these lessons learned and in the broad literature, the paper devises some considerations on the methodology to select completion and stimulation techniques for horizontal wells. Cased and cemented horizontal wells, in addition to open hole and perforated/slotted liners wells are addressed. The macro aspects of field/area management are stressed as the completion and stimulation drivers. The key parameters for designing, implementing and evaluating horizontal completion and stimulation are presented, emphasizing the most common failures and the controversial aspects. The paper presents a summary of mature field and new scenarios that are candidate to horizontal completion and stimulation in Brazil and other Latin America countries. Then it makes a few comments on the resources available in Latin America to face the mentioned opportunities and related challenges. It is supposed that this brief review will be useful for the low permeability scenarios in Latin America and worldwide. Completion and Stimulation of North Sea Low-Permeability CarbonatesThe North Sea low permeability chalks are taken here as a reference due to the outstanding technological evolution verified there in the last decades. Amongst more than ten fields producing from these reservoirs in the North Sea this paper focuses on the Dan, Halfdan, South Arne, Valhall and Eldfisk fields. The main characteristics of these fields are: shallow waters (43 to 69 m), dry completion, high volumes of OOIP (1.6 to 2.9 billions barrel), low permeability carbonates (0.2 md to 10 md) with microfractures in the central areas (10 md to 120 md), high porosities (up to 48%), soft to very soft chalks, small to medium net pays (15 m to 65 m), high oil saturation (up to 97%), and light oils ( about 36 o API). What most distinguishes these fields is their over-pressured soft chalks which are subjected to a high degree of compaction under pore pressure depletion, resulting in loss of drilling fluids, rapid production decline, well failures and seafloor subsidence. On the other hand the positive effects of rock compaction as a reservoir drive energy, outweigh by far the negative ones. The recovery factor under primary recovery can be as high as 30%. In general the North Sea chalks experienced an evolution from vertical/directional wells stimulated with acid treatments to multiple fractured horizontal wells.
TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractIn offshore horizontally completed wells, an acid job is usually pumped to remove the filter cake, previously created to allow sand control equipment and gravel be placed across the entire extended section. When such wells are acidized to remove the filter cake with a hydrochloric: hydrofluoric acid mixture, the resulting skin values are still in the positive range.An improved HF acid system has been introduced in the Campos Basin-offshore Brazil with outstanding results. The HF acid system uses an organophosphonic acid complex to control the generation of HF and to dramatically reduce potentially damaging secondary and tertiary precipitates. This paper describes the results of field treatments showing truly stimulated wells with negative skins -a first in this Campos Basin field for deepwater horizontal wells. Case histories with conventional regular hydrochloric: hydrofluoric acid mixture and with the improved acid system used will be presented. Laboratory core flow tests were performed in advance of the field program with seven different acid blends. Only one acid blend resulted in complete mud damage removal and true stimulation. Innovative equipment design, a state-of-the-art vessel with real-time monitoring capabilities, improved placement techniques and environmentally-friendly materials, are helping to transform acidizing into a valuable method in the quest for optimum performance from every injector, oil and gas well asset.
TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThe Campos Basin is known as one of the most challenging deep water basins in the world. Currently there are thirtyseven platforms, more than a thousand oil wells, and about 4200 kilometers of submarine pipelines, having produced more than 1,2 billion barrels of oil per year and 15,7 million cubic meters of gas per day. The Campos Basin is responsible for more than 80% of Brazil's national production. Brazil intends to produce 2,2 million barrels of oil per day by 2007, when it will reach self-sufficiency. Therefore, the continued development of the offshore basins, such as Campos, Santos and Espírito Santo will be critical to meet this goal. In this context, the technological evolution of the vessels that render stimulation services is of fundamental importance to improve job quality, reduce operating time, provide better protection of the environment, enable efficient communication, and ensure operational viability of new techniques. This paper reports on the history of the stimulation vessels, describing and illustrating new and state-of-the-art technology, historical cases of pioneering operations, data transmission in real time and the benefits for offshore operators with a global vision.
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