This investigation confirms previous findings of an association between low adiponectin levels and depressive state in individuals with BD. Beyond its immediate effect on central nervous system function, adiponectin might interfere with pathophysiological mechanisms of BD and its somatic comorbidities via involvement in metabolic and inflammatory processes.

BD and HC did not differ in valine and isoleucine, whereas leucine was significantly lower in BD. Furthermore, correlations were found between BCAAs and anthropometric and glucose metabolism data. All BCAAs correlated with lipid metabolism parameters in females. There were no associations between BCAAs and long-term clinical parameters of BD. A negative correlation was found between valine and Hamilton Depression-Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory II, in male individuals Conclusions: Our results indicate the utility of BCAAs as biomarkers for the current state of health, also in BD. As BD individuals have a high risk for overweight/obesity, in association with comorbid medical conditions (e.g. cardiovascular diseases or insulin resistance), health state markers are urgently required. However, no illness-specific associations were found in this euthymic/subsyndromal BD group.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic method that has been shown to be especially effective in traumatic disorders. Since the concept of an addiction memory has become widely accepted, the use of EMDR also in substance use disorders (SUD) treatment might count as a separate field. This review summarizes the current state of research on treatment effects EMDR in SUD. The literature search included the databases of PubMed and PsychInfo; four studies met the inclusion criteria. EMDR was found to be related to a decreased amount of craving, fear and depression and to an improvement of emotion regulation and management and self-esteem. Initial findings indicate a high therapeutic potential of EMDR in SUD treatment.

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