Fat graft is widely used in plastic and reconstructive surgery. The size of the injectable product, the unpredictable fat resorption rates, and subsequent adverse effects make it tricky to inject untreated fat into the dermal layer. Mechanical emulsification of fat tissue, which Tonnard introduced, solves these problems, and the product obtained was called nanofat. Nanofat is widely used in clinical and aesthetic settings to treat facial compartments, hypertrophic and atrophic scars, wrinkle attenuation, skin rejuvenation, and alopecia. Several studies demonstrate that the tissue regeneration effects of nanofat are attributable to its rich content of adipose-derived stem cells. This study aimed to characterize Hy-Tissue Nanofat product by investigating morphology, cellular yield, adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) proliferation rate and clonogenic capability, immunophenotyping, and differential potential. The percentage of SEEA3 and CD105 expression was also analyzed to establish the presence of multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (MUSE) cell. Our results showed that the Hy-Tissue Nanofat kit could isolate 3.74 × 104 ± 1.31 × 104 proliferative nucleated cells for milliliter of the treated fat. Nanofat-derived ASC can grow in colonies and show high differentiation capacity into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. Moreover, immunophenotyping analysis revealed the expression of MUSE cell antigen, making this nanofat enriched of pluripotent stem cell, increasing its potential in regenerative medicine. The unique characteristics of MUSE cells give a simple, feasible strategy for treating a variety of diseases.
Pancreatic cancer (PC) represents an intriguing topic for researchers. To date, the prognosis of metastasized PC is poor with just 7% of patients exceeding a five-year survival period. Thus, molecular modifications of existing drugs should be developed to change the course of the disease. Our previously generated nanocages of Mitoxantrone (MIT) encapsulated in human H-chain Ferritin (HFt), designated as HFt-MP-PASE-MIT, has shown excellent tumor distribution and extended serum half-life meriting further investigation for PC treatment. Thus, in this study, we used the same nano-formulation to test its cytotoxicity using both in vitro and in vivo assays. Interestingly, both encapsulated and free-MIT drugs demonstrated similar killing capabilities on PaCa44 cell line. Conversely, in vivo assessment in a subcutaneous PaCa44 tumor model of PC demonstrated a remarkable capability for encapsulated MIT to control tumor growth and improve mouse survival with a median survival rate of 65 vs. 33 days for loaded and free-MIT, respectively. Interestingly, throughout the course of mice treatment, MIT encapsulation did not present any adverse side effects as confirmed by histological analysis of various murine tissue organs and body mass weights. Our results are promising and pave the way to effective PC targeted chemotherapy using our HFt nanodelivery platforms.
Regenerative medicine aims to repair organs or tissues that have congenital abnormalities, or that have been damaged by disease, aging, or trauma, and to restore or at least improve their native function. One of the strategies used in regenerative medicine is stem cell therapy, due to the enormous regenerative potential of stem cells. A staminal cell line is a group of cells that can replicate for an extended period in vitro, that is outside the body. These cells are grown in incubators using a culture medium that should have a temperature and an oxygen/carbon dioxide composition that simulates the desired environment. This chapter describes the main characteristics of stem cells, the main fields of application, and outlines what could be the future developments of their use, also considering the ethical and technical problems that currently limit their use. There is still much to be done in the field of stem cell research, and researchers are working tirelessly to remain leaders and innovators in it. A struggle, step by step, will make it possible to have more information on current knowledge by expanding the scientific literature and push current limits ever further.
Cell-based therapy in regenerative medicine is a powerful tool that can be used both to restore various cell lost in a wide range of human disorders, and in renewal processes. Stem cells show promise for universal use in clinical medicine, potentially enabling the regeneration of numerous organs and tissues in the human body. This is possible due to their self-renewal capacity, and their ability to differentiate into various cell types. To date, pluripotent stem cells seem to be the most promising regeneration tool. Recently, a novel stem cell niche, called multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells, is emerging. These cells are of particular interest because they are pluripotent and are found in adult human mesenchymal tissues. One of their most significant features is that they can produce cells representative of all the three germ layers. Furthermore, they can be easily harvested from fat, and isolated from the mesenchymal stem cells. This makes them very promising, allowing autologous treatments and avoiding the problems of rejection, typical of transplants. Muse cells have recently been employed, with encouraging results, in numerous preclinical studies, performed to test their efficacy in the treatment of various pathologies, exploiting their regenerative potential in different tissues. This systematic review aimed to 1) highlight the specific potential of Muse cells, and provide a better understanding of this niche, and 2) originate the first organized review of already tested applications of Muse cells in regenerative medicine. The obtained results could be useful to extend the possible therapeutic applications of Muse cells.
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