This study was registered at the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS-Study-ID: DRKS00013570; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/).

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Background The novel Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) continues to have profound effect on global health. Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence and characterize specific symptoms associated with COVID-19. Methods This retrospective study included 326 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection evaluated at the Emergency Department of the Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Rome, Italy between March 6th and April 30th, 2020. In order to assess xerostomia, olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions secondary to COVID-19, a telephone-based a modified survey obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2014 for taste and smell disorders and the Fox Questionnaire for dry mouth were administered to 111 patients (34%) after discharge between June 4th and June 12th. Results Taste dysfunction was the most common reported symptom (59.5%; n = 66), followed by xerostomia (45.9%; n = 51) and olfactory dysfunctions (41.4%; n = 46). The most severe symptom was olfactory dysfunction with a median severity score of 8.5 (range: 5–10). Overall 74.5% ( n = 38) of patients with xerostomia, 78.8% ( n = 52) of patients with gustatory dysfunctions and 71.1% ( n = 33) of patients with olfactory dysfunctions reported that all symptoms appeared before COVID-19 diagnosis. Overall, the majority of patients reported one symptom only (45.9%, n = 51), 37 (33.3%) reported the association of two symptoms, and 23 (20.7%) patients reported the association of three symptoms at the same time. Conclusion Xerostomia, gustatory and olfactory dysfunctions may present as a prodromal or as the sole manifestation of COVID-19. Awareness is fundamental to identify COVID-19 patients at an early stage of the disease and limit the spread of the virus.

n recent decades, the dermatoscope has been thought to be an essential tool for skin cancer diagnosis, and it is currently referred as the "dermatologist's stethoscope." 1-3 However, in some cases the diagnosis of malignant abnormalities is still challenging in a subset of difficult-to-diagnose melanomas (MMs) and nonmelanoma skin cancers. To narrow this gray zone, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), a second-level in vivo imaging technique, has proven to be a useful tool in saving unnecessary excisions of benign lesions that can look dermoscopically suspicious for skin cancer while catching MMs that are dermoscopically inconspicious. 4-8 Reflectance confocal microscopy provides a horizontal visualization of the skin at a nearly histological resolution and is currently a validated instrument for noninvasive diagnosis of skin tumors, already counting over 600 indexed articles. 4-15 Up-to-date, retrospective analyses 4-8,11-15 have demonstrated the capability of RCM to improve the diagnostic accuracy in skin cancer detection when combined with dermoscopy, but, to our knowledge, only 2 studies 16,17 have evaluated prospectively the real impact of RCM in the routine clinical workflow. These 2 articles assessed the reduction in number of lesions needed to excise to diagnose an MM achievable through RCM: lesions considered for the analysis were defined under the umbrella of "clinically and/or dermoscopically equivocal." However, this term encompasses a wide group of clinical and dermoscopic situations and does not provide clinicians with the best indications for referring patients to a tertiary center equipped with confocal microscopy for confocal analysis. To define the best indications for the use of RCM in daily practice, we prospectively evaluated the clinical and IMPORTANCE Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) improves diagnostic accuracy in skin cancer detection when combined with dermoscopy; however, little evidence has been gathered regarding its real impact on routine clinical workflow, and, to our knowledge, no studies have defined the terms for its optimal application. OBJECTIVE To identify lesions on which RCM performs better in terms of diagnostic accuracy and consequently to outline the best indications for use of RCM. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospectively acquired and evaluated RCM images from consecutive patients with at least 1 clinically and/or dermoscopically equivocal skin lesion referred to RCM imaging, from January 2012 to October 2014, carried out in a tertiary referral academic center. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES A total of 1279 equivocal skin lesions were sent for RCM imaging. Spearman correlation, univariate, and multivariate regression models were performed to find features significantly correlated with RCM outcome. RESULTS In a total of 1279 lesions in 1147 patients, RCM sensitivity and specificity were 95.3% and 83.9%, respectively. The number of lesions needed to excise to rule out a melanoma was 2.4. After univariate and multivariate regression analysis, head and neck resulte...

For a long time the relationship between inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and psoriasis has been investigated by epidemiological studies. It is only starting from the 1990s that genetic and immunological aspects have been focused on. Psoriasis and IBD are strictly related inflammatory diseases. Skin and bowel represent, at the same time, barrier and connection between the inner and the outer sides of the body. The most important genetic correlations involve the chromosomal loci 6p22, 16q, 1p31, and 5q33 which map several genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity. The genetic background represents the substrate to the common immune processes involved in psoriasis and IBD. In the past, psoriasis and IBD were considered Th1-related disorders. Nowadays the role of new T cells populations has been highlighted. A key role is played by Th17 and T-regs cells as by the balance between these two cells types. New cytokines and T cells populations, as IL-17A, IL-22, and Th22 cells, could play an important pathogenetic role in psoriasis and IBD. The therapeutic overlaps further support the hypothesis of a common pathogenesis.