Energy requirements in India, and in all developing countries, are rising at over 10 per cent annually and may double after 2020. With the Energy Crisis there is a demand for the promotion of greater saving in energy and efficient use of available energy. This not only has the potential to meet the ever-increasing demand but it must be recognized as an important and sustainable solution for the energy crisis as energy saved is energy produced. Many studies have shown that, to the occupants, the most important consideration is thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is defined by ASHRAE, as that state of mind, which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment. The context of the study of thermal comfort is the multibillion dollar air-conditioning (AC) industry. The need to define 'comfortable environments' arose from this industry. Before air-conditioning buildings were built on the experience of countless builders of the past, experience being passed down the generations.One of the more contentious theoretical issues in the applied research area of thermal comfort has been the dialectic between "adaptive" and "static" models. Apart from having disparate methodological bases (the former laboratory-experimental, the latter field-based), the two approaches have yielded starkly differing prescriptions for how the indoor climate of buildings should be managed. These prescriptions carry implications for the types of permissible building designs, the means by which their thermal environments are controlled, and the amounts of energy they consume in the production of habitable indoor climates. Static models have led to indoor climate standards that have been universally applied across all building types, are characterized by minimal recognition of outdoor climatic context, and are contributing Springer 74 Environmentalist (2007) 27:73-81 to an increased reliance on mechanical cooling. In contrast, proponents of adaptive models have advocated variable indoor temperature standards that more fully exercise the adaptive capabilities of building occupants. This approach potentially leads to more responsive environmental control algorithms, enhanced levels of occupant comfort, reduced energy consumption, and the encouragement of climatically responsive building design. Despite these apparent differences, our review of the research literature emerging from both approaches indicated that this seemingly irreconcilable split was primarily the result of narrow definitions of the term "thermal adaptation", and that there were opportunities to bridge some of the gap between the hypotheses.This paper attempts to discuss the methods of evaluating the thermal preferences of the people of composite climate for developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference.

This paper deals with the human adaptability to its built environment. The built environment as we know it rarely finds itself adapting to its surrounding context, whether it be on the level of interaction with humans or the climate. Humans and nature both are in a constant state of flux; moving, changing, sensing, and reacting to their context and information they gather and perceive. A barrier is formed between the built environment and humans and nature due to the fact that their inherent characteristics are utterly contrasting. It is commonly estimated that persons in urban areas spend at least 80% of their time indoors. This suggests that the quality of the indoor environment can have a significant impact on comfort, health, and overall sense of well being. The indoor environment of buildings should thus be designed and controlled, as to provide a comfortable and healthy space for occupants. In order to maintain the quality of the indoor environment, we mechanically condition our buildings to achieve constant, uniform and comfortable environments. The maintenance of thermal equilibrium between the human body and its environment is one of the primary requirements. History of thermal comfort and climate design shows a definite relation between them and research is needed to know “What are comfort conditions?” and “How buildings could adapt themselves to these conditions”

This paper offers the different type transmission schemes used in wireless sensor networks. The wireless sensor network used in a number of applications such as Agriculture, Military, Medical, Multimedia etc. According to the applications there are different quality of service parameters and designing requirements for different layers in network design. While designing any ad hoc network or sensor network many designing principals and challenges are taken into consideration. For the designing of protocols layering in ad hoc sensor network basically a five layer model is taken into consideration. These layers are application, transport, network, Medium access control and physical layer. In this paper different types of designing constraints associated with physical and medium access layer has been introduced for different applications in sensor networks. In that manner this paper helps us to select the designing of a link for particular application.

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SummaryIn this paper, a link is proposed for wireless body area sensor networks (WBASNs) for the transmission of electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. When the quantity of signal is very high, then it is beneficial that signal should be compressed before transmission. In that situation, the signal compression and error control schemes played an important role in the designing of link for WBASNs. In case of biological sensor network, it is very important that node consumed less power in transmission because the replacement of nodes is a very complex surgical procedure in many medical situations. A compressed sensing concept is introduced here. The main aspect of this paper is to present transmission strategy that provides fast and accurate transmission of ECG signals. In this the smart sensor nodes are utilized. These nodes having sensing, transformation and transmission capability. The nodes sense the ECG signals, and these signal are compressed by Walsh–Hadamard transform method. This compressed signal is transmitted to the module outside the human body. In this module, various error control coding and modulation operations are to be performed on signals, and after that, signals are transmitted to the final destination. The compressed signal occupied less storage space, and ECC provides high data rate. In that manner, the fast transmission of ECG data becomes possible on low data rate sensor network link.