Two experiments (a) investigated the types of elaborations produced by fifth graders who varied according to academic successfulness, and (b) assessed the effects of different types of subject-generated elaborations on retention. The results of the first experiment indicated that the precision of students' self-generated elaborations had powerful effects on retention and that academically successful fifth graders spontaneously produced a greater number of precise elaborations than their less successful peers. The results of the second experiment indicated that less successful students who received appropriate training showed a large increase in the precision of their elaborations and in their performance on a memory test.

The least successful and the most successful students in a typical fifth-grade class were asked to read and study stories that varied in the degree to which they made sense relative to participants' prior -knowledge. For example, a story that made sense included, "The tall boy played basketball." A story that made less sense included, "The hungry boy took a nap." For both groups, cued recall test scores (e.g., "What did the hungry boy do?") were substantially higher for stories that made sense than for stories that did not. Successful students spontaneously monitored as they read and studied; they were aware of having difficulty learning the less sensible stories, and they could explain why they were having trouble. Less successful students did not rate difficulty accurately and seemed unaware of the manipulation. When allowed unlimited study time, successful students spontaneously regulated learning, that is, they chose to study difficult stories more than easy stories. Less successful students studied equally for both. When prompted, less successful students were able to distinguish between stories, but they did not do so spontaneously. The results suggest that many students perform below their potential, in part because they do not spontaneously monitor and regulate their learning.The present research explores activities particular, the experiments examine whether that may underlie children's ability to un-children spontaneously monitor the degree derstand and remember effectively.In to which they have mastered material they are asked to learn and whether they regulate Authors are mentioned according to the alphabetical their study behavior accordingly. A number order of their academic institutions and according to the o f theorists emphasize the importance of alphabetical order within institutions. All contributed se lfev aluative and self-regulative activities equally to this

The BH/EIN schema is gaining wider acceptance among pathologist and clinicians. The research leading to the EIN criteria is based on molecular and progression data. The BH/EIN schema has better reproducibility among pathologists, is intuitively easy to use, and requires understanding of endometrial physiology and neoplasia.

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Previous studies have shown that chronic hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure. This study, which utilized coronary-perfused hearts and superfused papillary muscle, was designed to determine whether homocysteine acts acutely to alter cardiac contractile function. Left ventricular developed pressure was used as a measure of systolic function in the Langendorff-perfused heart, whereas isometric developed tension was used in papillary muscle. All preparations were bathed in physiological buffer and paced electrically. Initial results showed that homocysteine elicits a relatively rapid onset (maximum effect observed within 5 min), concentration-dependent (10-300 microM), and moderate negative inotropic action (maximum decrease in tension was approximately 15% of control values) in Langendorff-perfused hearts but not in papillary muscle. In contrast, effluent from homocysteine-treated hearts decreased contractility in papillary muscle, and all inotropic actions were largely eliminated when brief Triton X-100 treatment was utilized to inactivate the coronary endothelium in the intact heart. The homocysteine-induced decrease in contractile function was not antagonized by N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. Thus data suggest that pathophysiological concentrations of homocysteine elicit an acute negative inotropic effect on ventricular myocardium that is mediated by a coronary endothelium-derived agent other than nitric oxide or products of cyclooxygenase. Future studies are required to elucidate the mechanism by which homocysteine acts to elicit the release of the proposed endothelial mediator, the identity of the proposed paracrine agent, and the mechanism of its negative inotropic action.