Background:Hamstring injuries are the second most common injury causing missed days in professional baseball field players. Recent studies have shown the preventive benefit of eccentric conditioning on the hamstring muscle group in injury prevention. Specifically, Nordic-type exercises have been shown to decrease the incidence of acute hamstring injuries in professional athletes.Purpose:This was a prospective study performed in coordination with a single Major League Baseball (MLB) organization (major and minor league teams) that targeted the effects of Nordic exercises on the incidence of acute hamstring injuries in the professional-level baseball player.Study Design:Prospective cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.Methods:The daily workouts of 283 professional baseball players throughout all levels of a single MLB organization were prospectively recorded. The intervention group participated in the Nordic exercise program and was compared with a randomly selected control group of professional athletes within the organization not participating in the exercise program. The incidence of hamstring injuries in both groups was compared, and the total number of days missed due to injury was compared with the 2 previous seasons.Results:There were 10 hamstring injuries that occurred during the 2012 season among the 283 professional athletes that required removal from play. There were no injuries that occurred in the intervention group (n = 65, 0.00%; P = .0381). The number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent 1 hamstring injury was 11.3. The average repetitions per week of the injured group were assessed at multiple time points (2, 4, 6, and total weeks) prior to injury. There were significantly fewer repetitions per week performed in the injured group at all time points compared with overall average repetitions per week in the noninjured group (P = .0459, .0127, .0164, and .0299, respectively). After beginning the Nordic exercise program, there were 136 total days missed due to a hamstring injury during the 2012 season. This number was less than the 2011 season (273 days missed) and the 2010 season (309 days missed).Conclusion:Study results indicate the initiation of Nordic hamstring exercises may decrease the incidence of acute hamstring injuries and potentially decrease the total number of days missed due to injury in professional baseball players.Clinical Relevance:The financial and competitive interest in professional baseball players is of large importance to the player, team, and fans. Prevention of injuries is as important to all parties involved as the treatment and rehabilitation following an injury. This prospective study shows the initiation of a simple, free exercise can reduce the incidence of hamstring injury in the professional-level baseball player.

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INTRODUCTIONThe lateral closing wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) was popularized by Coventry in the 1960s. In the 1990s the medial opening wedge osteotomy gained popularity because it could achieve greater valgus correction and it did not require dissociation of the fibula from the tibia, an important consideration when treating varus knees with lateral and posterolateral ligament deficiencies (Noyes’ double-varus and triple-varus knees). However, it has the disadvantage of requiring bone graft to fill bony defects. Recently, the reamer-irrigator-aspirator (RIA; Synthes, Paoli, PA) system was developed, and as a result of this procedure, a large amount of usable autogenous bone graft can be collected safely for use. To our knowledge, there is no published series combining opening wedge HTO with the use of RIA obtained autogenous bone graft.PRESENTATION OF CASEWe present a novel technique in which a series of three patients underwent opening wedge HTO using ipsilateral, retrograde femur RIA graft to fill the bone defect. All patients had satisfactory clinical and radiologic outcomes following the new technique at latest follow up.DISCUSSIONOpening wedge high tibial osteotomy is a well-documented and accepted orthopedic procedure, however, has the disadvantage of requiring varying amounts of bone graft. Traditionally, iliac crest or tricortical allograft have been the grafting modalities of choice, however both have inherent drawbacks to their use. In our series, the use of RIA autograft is a safe and reliable harvest technique for high tibial osteotomy, providing abundant and quality autogenous bone graft.CONCLUSIONAll three of our patients achieved radiographic union with high clinical patient satisfaction without any major complications. We feel this novel technique is a safe and acceptable operative solution grafting opening wedge osteotomies about the knee.

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Background: For patients who are eligible for open AAA repair and endovascular stent grafting, the choice of procedure likely involves weighing certain factors and a complicated decision making process. How patients view these options and which factors influence their decision making is poorly understood. Methods: This is a qualitative study using content analysis methodology. Researchers selected and interviewed a purposive sample of ten patients with AAA who were candidates for both open and endovascular procedures and had consented to undergo repair via one specific approach. Both preoperative and post-operative patients were included. Audiotapes of the interviews were transcribed and analyzed using open and axial coding schemes. Results: Patients described a broad range of deciding factors. Patients recognized obvious trade offs between morbidity and mortality, recovery time and post-operative surveillance. The desire to not have to return for follow up and the anxiety that they would require additional surgery were common concerns. Patients also mentioned less apparent influences such as the their current health status, concern about stents raised by recent news reports regarding coronary procedures, pressure from family members and the opinion of their surgeon as major deciding factors. Patients' ability to describe the characteristics of the surgery ranged broadly from "running something up through the groins," "wrapping the aneurysm" and "the easy temporary way" versus "the hard permanent way" though all patients were correctly able to identify the options of both the open and endovascular repair. Conclusions: While most patients who are candidates for both endovascular and open AAA repair cite obvious concerns about each procedure as part of the decision making process, nearly all patients raised concerns about less apparent or misunderstood aspects of the procedure which factored into their decision making. Surgeon knowledge of this range of factors which may influence their patient's choice is important to dispel misperceptions and assist patients to choose the repair most consistent with their preferences.