The processes of an internal combustion engine are subject to cyclic fluctuations, which have direct consequence on the operational and emission behavior of the engine. Direct injection gasoline engines have fluctuations that are induced and superimposed by the flow and the injection. In stratified operation they can cause serious operating problems, such as misfiring. Currently, the state of knowledge on the formation and causes of cyclic fluctuations is rather limited, which can be attributed to the complex nature of flow instabilities. Recent analyzes of a direct injection gasoline engine's cyclic fluctuations of the in-cylinder charge motion and the mixture formation utilizes laser-optical diagnostics and numerical 3D-calculations. Individual cycles are measured using optical measurement techniques and pressure indicators for determining flow, mixture formation, and the combustion processes. Large-scale turbulence and cyclic fluctuations are modeled using 3D-calculations that are performed with a Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The results of the calculations are used to analyze the formation of cyclic fluctuations and their effect on injection and mixture formation. The intensity of the cyclic fluctuations rises dramatically during the injection phase, because of the relationship between the cyclic fluctuating in-cylinder flow and the injection. These results are confirmed by calculations, which when combined with reproducible injection predict strongly differing mixture states at the ignition point with significant asymmetries. These asymmetries with their broad scatter range of mixture formation can explain the stochastic misfires that occur in the engine.

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The downsizing of combustion engines has become the major strategy within the automotive industry to meet the increasing demands in terms of fuel economy and harmful emissions. Furthermore, it is important to fulfil the customers expectations in terms of drivability by increasing the power density and transient performance of the engines. The key technology to reach these ambitious targets is the enhanced utilization of exhaust pulses on turbocharged engines. In four cylinder gasoline engine applications this is mainly realized by the use of double entry turbines or variabilities in the exhaust valve train. During the designing and matching process of double entry turbines it is still a major challenge to predict the turbine power output and accurately model its interaction with the engine. In the past few years, several authors have published measurement and simulation technologies aimed at enhanced modelling quality. Most of these approaches are based on the introduction of different flow conditions which help to describe the thermodynamic performance under various pulsating boundary conditions. Within an average engine cycle, the turbine operates under equal, single and unequal admissions. Furthermore, the evaluation of a turbine interacting with a four cylinder gasoline engine shows that cross flow between both turbine scrolls can occur during the blow-down phase of the cylinders. In this phase, the temperature and pressure upstream of the turbine reach their peak values within the complete engine cycle. Therefore, this phase is most crucial for the conversion of the exhaust energy into mechanical energy, which drives the compressor impeller of the turbocharger. This work focuses on the results of stationary hot gas measurements and 3D CFD simulations of the cross flow phenomena to gain a deeper understanding of the scroll interaction in double entry turbines and its impact on engine performance. The findings were used to improve the modeling quality of double entry turbines in 1D engine process simulations, especially during the exhaust blow down where cross flow between the dividing wall and the turbine wheel occurs. The new methodology to quantify the amount of cross flow with a hot gas test has shown that the cross flow rate of a twin scroll turbine can reach values as high as 35% of the overall flow rate entering the turbine housing, whereas this value can be significantly reduced by using a segment turbine housing. The new map based turbine model, which enables predictive simulations, covers all engine relevant flow conditions of the turbine including cross flow. This is important because the cross flow has a large impact on the exhaust pulse separation and thus on the residual gas fraction of the cylinders after the gas exchange.

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