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This book develops a consistent macroscopic theory of electromagnetism and discusses the relation between circuit theory and filed theory. The theory is developed in successive steps from the Lorentz force, the integral form of Maxwell's equations in free space, and suitable macroscopic models of polarized and magnetized matter. It covers the electromagnetism of moving bodies and the process of electromechanical energy conversion; introduces a power-series technique for analyzing quasi-static fields and quasi-stationary systems; it emphasizes the synthesis of fields as opposed to the analysis of fields. Presented in an appendix, the reader will also find, the four-dimensional relativistic formulation of macroscopic electrodynamics.

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This paper develops a general framework for knowledge-based computer tools that promote simultaneous engineering in mechanical design. Design compatibility analysis (DCA) serves as the underlying concept for these knowledge-based systems. DCA focuses on the compatibility between the design requirements (specification) and the proposed design, evaluates the design based on the compatibility knowledge of experts, gives justifications for the evaluation, and suggest improvements. DCA accommodates a product's various life-cycle issues (e.g. functionality, manufacturability, reliability) with a unified focus, i.e. compatibility, and thus helps designers to incorporate these issues at the early stages of design (simultaneous engineering). The resulting framework not only serve as the basis for various design expert systems but will also enhance our understanding of the life-cycle design issues. We illustrate the proposed method with two examples: system design of power generation plants and design for assembly (DFA) of mechanical products.

Monographs usually present scholarly summaries of a well-developed field. In keeping with the philosophy of the new series of Research Monographs, however, this monograph was written to present a piece of relatively recent work in a comparatively undeveloped field. Such work might normally be expected to appear in a series of journal articles, and indeed originally the authors followed this method of presentation. As the subject developed, however, a rather general approach to the problem became apparent which both simplified and unified all the prior research. Space limitations in the journals made it impossible to publish in that medium a really suitable picture of the whole development, and this circumstance led the authors to take advantage of the present Technology Press Research Monographs. The principal motivation for this work arose from the obvious desirability of finding a single quantity, a tag so to speak, to describe the noise performance of a two-terminal-pair amplifier. The possibility of the existence of such a quantity and even the general functional form which it might be expected to take were suggested by previous work of one of the authors on microwave tubes and their noise performance. This work showed that noise parameters of the electron beam set an ultimate Hmit to the entire noise performance of the amplifier that employed the beam. In the microwave tube case, however, the findings were based heavily upon the physical nature of the electron beam, and it was not immediately clear that a general theory of noise performance viii PREFACE for any linear amplifier could be made without referring again to some detailed physical mechanism. In order to detach the study of noise performance from specific physical mechanisms, one had to have recourse to general circuit theory of active networks. Such a theory had grown up around the problems associated with transistor amplifiers, and important parts of it were available to us through the association of one of us with Professor S. J. Mason. This combination of circumstances led to the collaboration of the authors. Two major guiding principles, or clues, could be drawn from the experience on microwave tubes. One such clue was the general form of the probable appropriate noise parameter. The other was the recognition that matrix algebra and a proper eigenvalue formulation would be required in order to achieve a general theory without becoming hopelessly involved in algebraic detail. Essentially by trial and error, guided by some power-gain theorems in active circuit theory, we first found a few invariants of noisy networks. Afterward, while we were trying to decide around which quantities we should build a matrix-eigenvalue formulation leading to these same invariants, we were aided by the fact that Mr. D. L. Bobroff recognized a connection between the invariants which we had found and the problem of the available power of a multiterminal-pair network. Armed with this additional idea, we consulted extensively with Professor L. N. Howard of the Massachu...