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The effecb of phase change on load support is studied analytically for parallel and tapered face seals. A n adiabatic model for low Reynolds numberPo~u is considered. The descriptive fluid equations are integrated numerically to give opening force due t o j u i d film pressure. Loci of steady-state solutions are plotted for water to gzve cu.rves of load support as a function of film thickness. A quasisteady transient analysis is made for axial excursions of the seal rings. The general conclusions 'are:1. The 'load support generated by fluid pressure can be multivalued for a given film thickness. Axial disturbances,of the seal rings may lead to sudden dropsi n load support with three possible results. a) Sufficient damping may allow the seal to return to the previous equilibrium operating position. 6) The seal may collapse to a n equilibrium position of smaller film thickness where face contact is more likely and a sipzificantly higher operating temperature is assured. c) A limit cycle of self sustained oscillations i n the uxial direction mc~y occur damping is suficiently low.

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Contact resistance between the collector bar and cathode block has been previously 2 contributing roughly 100 mV to cell voltage. This paper proposes four mechanisms as contributors to high contact resistance through low contact pressure and large scale intermittent contact. These mechanisms are: temporary bowing of the bar during solidification of cast iron joints, shrinkage of the bar during the phase change from ferrite to austenite, mismatch of iron and carbon surface texture due to axial thermal expansion, and reduced contact pressure due to creep in the steel bar.

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