The validation of the hybrid algorithm has the potential to disseminate adoption of CTO PCI.

DedicationTo our patient and her family who were a constant source of inspiration and motivation during the course of this project. This project is our collective work. Thank you for working closely with us and openly sharing all of your experiences.To Dr. Grebe for teaching me the many ways in which physicians can advocate for their patients-including research. AbstractBackground and Significance:

Use of the bupivacaine pump provided improved analgesia with lower pain scores, lower opioid requirements, and a lower length of stay.

In this case-control analysis, patients with AIS undergoing PSF received more than twice the amount of narcotic compared with a matched group of patients with NM scoliosis. These data suggest that NM patients' pain may be undertreated compared with AIS patients. More study is indicated to investigate pain assessment and pain control in this vulnerable patient population to improve care.

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