Clues to the dynamics of the subduction process are found in the many measurable parameters of modern subduction zones. Based on a critical appraisal of the geophysical and geological literature, 26 parameters are estimated for each of 39 modern subduction zones. To isolate causal relationships among these parameters, multivariate analysis is applied to this data set. This analysis yields empirical quantitative relations that predict strain regime and strike‐slip faulting in the overriding plate, maximum earthquake magnitude, Benioff zone length, slab dip, arc‐trench gap, and maximum trench depth. Excellent correlation is found between length of the Benioff zone and the product of convergence rate and age of the downgoing slab. This relationship is consistent with the conductive heating model of Molnar et al. (1979), if the model is modified in one respect. The rate of heating of the slab is not constant; it is substantially slower during passage of the slab beneath the accretionary prism and overriding plate. The structural style in the overriding plate is determined by its stress state. Though the stress state of overriding plates cannot be quantified, one can classify each individual subduction zone into one of seven semiquantitative strain classes that form a continuum from strongly extensional (class 1, back‐arc spreading) to strongly compressional (class 7, active folding and thrusting). This analysis indicates that strain class is probably determined by a linear combination of convergence rate, slab age, and shallow slab dip. Interplate coupling, controlled by convergence rate and slab age, is an important control on strain regime and the primary control on earthquake magnitude. Arc‐parallel strike‐slip faulting is a common feature of convergent margins, forming a forearc sliver between the strike‐slip fault and trench. Optimum conditions for the development of forearc slivers are oblique convergence, a compressional environment, and a continental overriding plate. The primary factor controlling presence of strike‐slip faulting is coupling; strongly oblique convergence is not required. The rate of strike‐slip faulting is affected by both convergence obliquity and convergence rate. Maximum trench depth is a response to flexure of the underthrusting plate. The amount of flexural deflection at the trench depends on the vertical component of slab pull force, which is very sensitive to slab age and shallow slab dip. Shallow slab dip conforms to the cross‐sectional shape of the overriding plate, which is controlled by width of the accretionary prism and duration of subduction. Deep slab dip is affected by the mantle trajectory established at shallow depth but may be modified by mantle flow. Much of the structural complexity of convergent margins is probably attributable to terrane juxtaposition associated with temporal changes in both forearc strike‐slip faulting and strain regime. Empirical equations relating subduction parameters can provide both a focus for future theoretical studies and a conceptual and kine...

[1] The alteration of upper oceanic crust entails growth of hydrous minerals and loss of macroporosity, with associated large-scale fluxes of H 2 O, CO 2 , Cl À , and K 2 O between seawater and crust. This agedependent alteration can be quantified by combining a conceptual alteration model with observed agedependent changes in crustal geophysical properties at DSDP/ODP sites, permitting estimation of crustal concentrations of H 2 O, CO 2 , Cl À , and K 2 O, given crustal age. Surprisingly, low-temperature alteration causes no net change in total water; pore water loss is nearly identical to bound water gain. Net change in total crustal K 2 O is also smaller than expected; the obvious low-temperature enrichment is partly offset by earlier high-temperature depletion, and most crustal K 2 O is primary rather than secondary. I calculate crustal concentrations of H 2 O, CO 2 , Cl À , and K 2 O for 41 modern subduction zones, thereby determining their modern mass fluxes both for individual subduction zones and globally. This data set is complemented by published flux determinations for subducting sediments at 26 of these subduction zones. Global mass fluxes among oceans, oceanic crust, continental crust, and mantle are calculated for H 2 O, Cl À , and K 2 O. Except for the present major imbalance between sedimentation and sediment subduction, most fluxes appear to be at or near steady state. I estimate that half to two thirds of subducted crustal water is later refluxed at the prism toe; most of the remaining water escapes at subarc depths, triggering partial melting. The flux of subducted volatiles, however, does not appear to correlate with either rate of arc magma generation or magnitude of interplate earthquakes.

Abstract. Seeking a global empirical relationship between compressional wave velocity and porosity for siliciclastic sediments, we have brought together an extensive suite of both new and published log-and core-based data. We undertook a detailed statistical analysis of Ocean Drilling Program data from Amazon Fan to examine variables affecting compressional velocity in shallow, unconsolidated sediments. We identify three dominant variables (porosity, shale fraction, and consolidation history) and present two empirically determined boundary curves (one for normally consolidated sediments and a second for highly consolidated environments (e.g., accretionary prisms)). These two empirical relationships predict the compressional velocity of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks with water-filled pores as a function of porosity and clay content for the full range of observed porosities. Velocities of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks decrease rapidly with both increasing porosity and increasing clay content. At fractional porosities higher than about 0.4, fluid dominates the elastic properties, and velocity exhibits a subtle dependence on porosity. Remarkably, the Amazon Fan data show that clay content has no direct influence on velocity at high porosities. Both clay content and sorting do indirectly affect velocity, through their control of porosity. Burial affects velocity not only by compaction-related porosity decrease but also by pressure-induced increase of intergrain coupling. Because of the sensitivity of velocity to consolidation history, particularly at intermediate fractional porosities of about 0.30-0.40, no single velocity-porosity relationship can apply to all high-porosity sediments. The two proposed relationships fit the majority of published and new data. They are applicable, however, only for normally pressured, in situ conditions and water-filled pores.

The Middle Cambrian Spence Shale Member (Langston Formation) and Wheeler and Marjum Formations of Utah are known to contain a diverse soft-bodied fauna, but important new paleontological material continues to be uncovered from these strata. New specimens of anomalocaridids include the largest and smallest near complete examples yet reported from Utah. New material of stem group arthropods includes two new genera and species of arachnomorphs: Nettapezoura basilika and Dicranocaris guntherorum. Other new arachnomorph material includes a new species of Leanchoilia comparable to L. protogonia Simonetta, 1970; Leanchoilia superlata? Walcott, 1912; Sidneyia Walcott, 1911a; and Mollisonia symmetrica Walcott, 1912. L. protogonia from the Burgess Shale is confirmed as a separate species and is not a composite fossil. The first example of the trilobite Elrathia kingii preserving traces of the appendages is described. In addition, new material of the bivalved arthropods Canadaspis Novozhilov in Orlov, 1960; Branchiocaris Briggs, 1976; Waptia Walcott, 1912; and Isoxys Walcott, 1890 is described.

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