No abstract

Of three career guidance methods, namely guided field trips, cognitive, and behavioral problem‐solving training, the latter had more influence on 11th graders' career exploratory and career decision making behaviors.

If counselors are going to perform functions different from dyadic therapeutic counseling, institutions preparing counselors must change the context and processes of their programs. Assisting an individual to change is difficult; intervention for institutional change is infinitely complex. Yet many of the concepts and skills are the same for both. Dustin describes the procedures he has used to equip counselors to utilize the basic principles of change with an organization as a target. Other trainers may use other methods in this relatively new extension of counselor functioning; what is clear, however, is the need for new training models if our goals of creating humane environments is to be reached.

Counselor education currently does not have a training model that is systematically employed and contains provisions for individual differences or promotes the development of programs for facilitating transfer of training. In the proposed model, counselor educators must decide which of the counseling student's thinking, feeling, and acting behaviors will become the focus of training efforts. The staff creatively implements its conceptualized behavioral curriculum goals through the application of learning principles to specified counseling student behaviors that are assessed to determine if whether or not the desired behavior changes are occurring.

Trained clients offer a useful means of studying the counseling process. In this study, undergraduate college students were trained to discriminate understanding statements from nonunderstanding statements. These students met with beginning counselors for a series of three or four interviews. During the interview, clients verbally reinforced each statement they judged to be understanding, while two raters judged understanding by electrically marking tape recordings of the interviews. Based on the independent observations of client and two raters, beginning counselors were judged as having increased their understanding statements. The experiment indicates that understanding statements made by counselors can be made a function of the number of reinforcing statements emitted by trained clients.