The AlphaFold Protein Structure Database (AlphaFold DB, https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk) is an openly accessible, extensive database of high-accuracy protein-structure predictions. Powered by AlphaFold v2.0 of DeepMind, it has enabled an unprecedented expansion of the structural coverage of the known protein-sequence space. AlphaFold DB provides programmatic access to and interactive visualization of predicted atomic coordinates, per-residue and pairwise model-confidence estimates and predicted aligned errors. The initial release of AlphaFold DB contains over 360,000 predicted structures across 21 model-organism proteomes, which will soon be expanded to cover most of the (over 100 million) representative sequences from the UniRef90 data set.

We construct dynamical models for a sample of 36 nearby galaxies with Hubble Space Telescope (HST ) photometry and ground-based kinematics. The models assume that each galaxy is axisymmetric, with a two-integral distribution function, arbitrary inclination angle, a position-independent stellar massto-light ratio !, and a central massive dark object (MDO) of arbitrary mass They provide accept-M a . able Ðts to 32 of the galaxies for some value of and ! ; the four galaxies that cannot be Ðtted have M a kinematically decoupled cores. The mass-to-light ratios inferred for the 32 well-Ðtted galaxies are consistent with the fundamental-plane correlation ! P L0.2, where L is galaxy luminosity. In all but six galaxies the models require at the 95% conÐdence level an MDO of mass M a D 0.006M bulge 4 0.006!L . Five of the six galaxies consistent with are also consistent with this correlation. The other (NGC M a \ 0 7332) has a much stronger upper limit onWe predict the second-moment proÐles that should be M a . observed at HST resolution for the 32 galaxies that our models describe well.We consider various parameterizations for the probability distribution describing the correlation of the masses of these MDOs with other galaxy properties. One of the best models can be summarized thus : a fraction f^0.97 of early-type galaxies have MDOs, whose masses are well described by a Gaussian distribution in log of mean [2.28 and standard deviation D0.51. There is also marginal (M a /M bulge ) evidence that is distributed di †erently for "" core ÏÏ and "" power law ÏÏ galaxies, with core galaxies M a having a somewhat steeper dependence on M bulge .

Observations of nearby galaxies reveal a strong correlation between the mass of the central dark object M BH and the velocity dispersion of the host galaxy, of the form logðM BH =M Þ ¼ þ logð = 0 Þ; however, published estimates of the slope span a wide range (3.75-5.3). Merritt & Ferrarese have argued that low slopes (d4) arise because of neglect of random measurement errors in the dispersions and an incorrect choice for the dispersion of the Milky Way Galaxy. We show that these explanations and several others account for at most a small part of the slope range. Instead, the range of slopes arises mostly because of systematic differences in the velocity dispersions used by different groups for the same galaxies. The origin of these differences remains unclear, but we suggest that one significant component of the difference results from Ferrarese & Merritt's extrapolation of central velocity dispersions to r e =8 (r e is the effective radius) using an empirical formula. Another component may arise from dispersion-dependent systematic errors in the measurements. A new determination of the slope using 31 galaxies yields ¼ 4:02 AE 0:32, ¼ 8:13 AE 0:06 for 0 ¼ 200 km s À1 . The M BH -relation has an intrinsic dispersion in log M BH that is no larger than 0.25-0.3 dex and may be smaller if observational errors have been underestimated. In an appendix, we present a simple kinematic model for the velocity-dispersion profile of the Galactic bulge.

We describe a correlation between the mass of a galaxy's central black hole and the luminosity-weighted M bh line-of-sight velocity dispersion within the half-light radius. The result is based on a sample of 26 galaxies, j e including 13 galaxies with new determinations of black hole masses from errors. The -relation is of interest not only for its strong predictive power but also because it implies that M j bh e central black hole mass is constrained by and closely related to properties of the host galaxy's bulge.

We derive improved versions of the relations between supermassive black hole mass (M BH ) and host-galaxy bulge velocity dispersion (σ) and luminosity (L) (the M-σ and M-L relations), based on 49 M BH measurements and 19 upper limits. Particular attention is paid to recovery of the intrinsic scatter (ε 0 ) in both relations. We find log(M BH /M ) = α + β log(σ/200 km s −1 ) with (α, β, ε 0 ) = (8.12 ± 0.08, 4.24 ± 0.41, 0.44 ± 0.06) for all galaxies and (α, β, ε 0 ) = (8.23 ± 0.08, 3.96 ± 0.42, 0.31 ± 0.06) for ellipticals. The results for ellipticals are consistent with previous studies, but the intrinsic scatter recovered for spirals is significantly larger. The scatter inferred reinforces the need for its consideration when calculating local black hole mass function based on the M-σ relation, and further implies that there may be substantial selection bias in studies of the evolution of the M-σ relation. We estimate the M-L relationship as log(M BH /M ) = α + β log(L V /10 11 L ,V ) of (α, β, ε 0 ) = (8.95 ± 0.11, 1.11 ± 0.18, 0.38 ± 0.09); using only early-type galaxies. These results appear to be insensitive to a wide range of assumptions about the measurement errors and the distribution of intrinsic scatter. We show that culling the sample according to the resolution of the black hole's sphere of influence biases the relations to larger mean masses, larger slopes, and incorrect intrinsic residuals.