ABSTRACT.Visual defects are common in deaf individuals. Refractive error and ocular motor abnormalities are frequently reported, with hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism and anomalies of binocular vision, all showing a greater prevalence in deaf individuals compared with the general population. Near visual function in deaf individuals has been relatively neglected in the literature to date. Comparisons between studies are problematic due to differences in methodology and population characteristics. Any untreated visual defect has the potential to impair the development of language, with consequences for education more generally, and there is a need to improve screening and treatments of deaf children.

An eye examination of children who are deaf needs to include a comprehensive assessment of near visual function so that deficiencies of amplitude of accommodation, near point convergence, and ametropia can be treated. A yellow overlay improved reading speed in the participants who were deaf, whereas other colors did not, a finding at variance with earlier work on hearing populations.

Benefit-Cost Analysis of a Token Economy ProgramA benefit-cost analysis of a token economy program with adult psychiatric patients examined the hospital costs foregone by getting and keeping patients out of the hospital, minus the extra costs to the public incurred by the patients once they had been released.

No abstract

Advanced Semiconductor TechnologyT he performance and functionality of DECchip 21064 are a result of the application of very high-performance complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors matched with dense multilevel wiring In a VLSI chip. Achieving microcycle frequency of greater than 200MHz with a manufacturable wafer fabrication process required an optimization of CMOS device capabiiities and production costs against microprocessor architecture and advanced circuit design, with the OECchIp 21064 representing a complex system on a chip, many Issues common to iarge-scaie systems eiectronics were faced In the design, production, and use of such a high-performance Rise microprocessor (see (11 and Design of EV-4, this issue).The CMOS technoiogy used to manufacture the DECchip 21064 evolved from three previous generations used to produce very high-performance microprocessors. In the development of each generation of CMOS, a technoiogy development team was paired with a microprocessor design team for a few years to allow detalied studies and trade-offs to be made.The use of CMOS-4 technology, coupled with sophisticated circuit design techniques, has resulted In the fastest CISC and RISC microprocessors in the Industry, This was achieved by pursuing the CMOS Technoiogy Roadmap for 10 years toward a goai of creating the highest-performance devices (see chart). Key to the execution was maximum ieveraging of what was learned about development and manufacture from one CMOS generation to the next. The basic philosophy was to make the fastest MOSFET transistors possible, tune the wiring to deliver power and fast signals within an ever larger chip and develop new structures and materiais that enhance performance of systems on a chip. CMOS Technoiogv Roadmap