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Two surface-active formulation ingredients, a water-soluble derivative of vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, vitamin E-TPGS) as well as a polyethoxylated derivative of 12-hydroxy-stearic acid (Solutol HS 15) were investigated in rats for their potential to increase the oral bioavailability of the p-glycoprotein (p-gp) and cytochrome P450 substrate colchicine. D-alpha-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and the polyethoxylated derivative of 12-hydroxy-stearic acid will be referred to as "surfactant 1" and "surfactant 2" in the following. Colchicine was administered to the animals at a dose level of 5 mg/kg in each 10% surfactant containing formulation. A solution of colchicine in isotonic saline was selected as a reference formulation. It was found that the administration of colchicine in the surfactant containing formulations resulted in significantly higher systemic exposures as compared to the aqueous reference vehicle (2-fold increase in AUC in the presence of surfactant 1 and 4-fold increase in AUC in the presence of surfactant 2). The aqueous solubility of colchicine was about 16.7 mg/ml, and the increase in solubility in the presence of 1% surfactant 1 or surfactant 2 to about 20.5 and 18.5 mg/ml was not considered to significantly affect the oral bioavailability. In summary, it was demonstrated that both surfactants are suitable formulation ingredients to improve the systemic exposure of colchicine in the rat. Due to the high aqueous solubility of colchicine the most likely reasons for these findings are inhibition of p-gp and/or metabolism as well as permeability enhancement by interactions of the surfactants with the intestinal membrane.

Extraction of medium after incubation of the fungus, Cunninghamella elegans, with 0.03% (w/v) 1-methylnaphthalene produced mainly 1-hydroxymethylnaphthalene together with some 1-naphthoic acid and hydroxynaphthoic acid. Higher concentrations of substrate were inhibitory to biotransformation. Similar incubations with 1-naphtoic acid as substrate resulted in reduction of the carboxyl group to give 1-hydroxymethylnaphthalene. When 6-methylquinoline was used, the main product was 6-hydroxymethylquinoline but also some quinoline-6-carboxylic acid and some 6-methylquinoline-N-oxide were identified. In a 2-l fermenter 2.5 g substrate was transformed in 324 h. The 6-hydroxymethylquinoline was also produced by reduction of quinoline-6-carboxylic acid by the organism.