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This paper reviews transport's historical role in shaping urban development since industrialisation. Previous definitions of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) starting in the late 20 th century are challenged. Three distinct eras of TOD are identified: from the mid-19 th century to early 20 th century; Planned TOD in the mid-20 th century; and TOD for urban regeneration and/or urban expansion since the late 20 th century, now featuring rail and bus rapid transit, cycling and walking, and automated transport. Future links with disruptive transport technologies are highlighted as themes must be examined for assisting TOD's further development. The authors make the case, using empirical evidence from selected TOD applications from around the world, that high frequency transit service is essential for successful contemporary and future planned TODs. TOD is then redefined for the 21 st century and best practice policy recommendations are made.